Chapter 3 Flashcards
Self-concept
a set of largely stable perceptions about oneself
Self-esteem
the part of the self concept that involves evaluations of self-worth
Personality
The set of enduring characteristics that define a person’s temperament, thought processes, and social behavior.
Reflected Appraisal
The influence of others on one’s self-concept
Social Comparison
Evaluating oneself in comparison to others.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
A prediction or expectation of an event that makes the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been the case.
Perception
A process in which people use sensory data to reach conclusions about others and the world around them.
Selection
The perceptual act of attending to some stimuli (a trigger for physical/behavior change) in the environment and ignoring others.
Organization
The perceptual process of organizing stimuli into patterns.
Interpretation
The perceptual process of attaching meaning to stimuli that have previously been selected and organized.
Stereotype
A widely held but oversimplified or inaccurate idea tied to social categorization.
Sex
A biological category such as male, female, or intersex.
Gender
Socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a society considers appropriate.
Gender Matrix
A construct that recognizes gender as a multidimensional.
Implicit Bias
Unconsciously held associations about a social group.
Narratives
The stories people create and use to make sense of their personal worlds.
Attribution
attaching meaning to actions and behaviors
Self-Serving Bias
The tendency to judge others harshly but to cast oneself in a favorable light
Negativity Bias
The perceptual tendency to focus more on negative indicators than on positive ones.
Halo Effect
When someone has one positive quality, you might unduly assume other positive qualities
Horns Effect
Perceiving others in an unfairly negative light on the basis of a single negative trait or experience
Empathy
The ability to imagine another person’s point of view.
Sympathy
Compassion for another’s situation.
Perception Checking
A three-part method for verifying the accuracy of interpretations, including an objective description of the behavior, two possible interpretations, and a request for more information.
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to understand and manage one’s own emotions and to deal effectively with the emotions of others.
Identity Management
Strategies used by communicators to influence the way others view them.
Perceived Self
The person we believe ourselves to be in moments of candor. It may be identical to or different from the presenting and ideal selves.
Presenting Self
The image a person presents to others. It may be identical to or different from the perceived and ideal selves.
Face
The socially approved identity that a communicator tries to present.
Facework
Verbal and nonverbal behavior designed to create and maintain a communicator’s face and the face of others.
Frame Switching
Verbal and nonverbal behavior designed to create and maintain a communicator’s face and the face of others.
Script
Habitual, reflective way of behaving.
High Self-Monitors
People who pay close attention to their own behavior and to others’ reactions, adjusting their communication to create the desired impression.
Low Self-Monitors
People who express what they are thinking and feeling without much attention to the impression their behavior creates.
UPward Social Comparison
Comparing yourself to those who did better than you.
DOWNward Social Comparison
Comparing yourself to those who did worse than you.
fundamental attribution error
another term for “self-serving bias”
