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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is cell theory and its different aspects?

A

cell theory says that 1. cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life, 2. cells come from pre-existing cells (half cells from each parent), 3. cells carry out physiological function, 4. each maintain its own homeostasis

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2
Q

what are the two basic types of cells found in the body?

A

sex cells: reproductive cells somatic cells: all other cells in the body; soma=body

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3
Q

what are the major divisions of a cell?

A

the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

the phospholipid bilayer that separates the extracellular fluid from the intracellular fluid.
this regulates exchange with the environment

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

everything inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus including cytosol, organelles, insoluble material and stored nutrients

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6
Q

nucleus

A

the control center of a cell; determines the structure and functions of the cell by dictating what proteins are made

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7
Q

what is a gene?

A

segments of DNA that encode for specific protein

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8
Q

cytosol

A

fluid part of the cytoplasm and has more potassium than the extracellular fluid but less sodium; stores small amounts of carbs and proteins

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9
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails with cholesterol to strengthen

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10
Q

6 plasma membrane proteins

A

transport, receptors for signal transduction, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, enzymatic activity, intercellular joining, cell-cell recognition

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11
Q

membrane carbohydrates

A

sticks out of the plasma membrane to form a sticky outer layer called the glycocalyx for lubrication, protection, anchoring and locomotion, binding, cell recognition

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12
Q

how do cells regulate internal environment?

A

the membrane is semi-permeable. this allows cells to regulate internal environment

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13
Q

passive process

A

does not require ATP; simple and facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration

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14
Q

active processes

A

does require ATP; active transport and vesicular transport (exocytosis and endocytosis)-phagocytosis and pinocytosis

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15
Q

simple diffusion

A

constant movement for fat soluble and nonpolar molecules from high to low concentration; the bigger the difference, the steeper the gradient.

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16
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

helps water soluble and polar molecules move from high to low concentration through a protein channel, ex: alcohol, fatty acids, oxygen, water

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17
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across membrane from high to low concentration

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18
Q

tonicity

A

way to compare relative solute concentrations in two solutions

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19
Q

hypertonic:

A

water moves out of the cell because of less water, more salt outside the cell; too much water in the cell and it will lyse (burst)

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20
Q

hypotonic

A

water flows into the cell because there is more water and less salt outside the cell; the cell would crenate (shrink)

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21
Q

isotonic

A

no osmotic flow occurs, there is equilibrium betweem the water and solute inside and outside of the cell

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22
Q

active transport

A

energy is required to transport a substance across the cell membrane; uses ATP and carriers proteins called pumps; pump against concentration gradients

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23
Q

vesicular transport

A

bulk movement of solutes in or out of the cell using vesicles; requires ATP

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24
Q

endocytosis

A

movement of molecules into the cell

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25
Q

exocytosis

A

movement of molecules out of the cell

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26
Q

phagocytosis

A

eat/cell/condition = the cell engulfs a large particle and encloses it in a phagosome

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27
Q

pinocytosis

A

drinking/cell/condition = the cell “gulps” a drop of extracellular fluid containing solutes in a vesicle

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28
Q

inclusions found in a human cell

A

masses of insoluble material, glycogen granules, triglyceride droplets,

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29
Q

nonmembranous vs membranous

A

non membranous do not have a definite boundary
membranous have a phospholipid membrane

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30
Q

functions of cytoskeleton

A

gives strength and flexibility to the cell like bones and muscles
determines cell shape and function
support and hold in place or move organelles to proper position

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31
Q

what is the structure of cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microfilaments: strands made of actin, smallest and provide mechanical strength
  2. intermediate filament: medial; holds organelles in place
  3. microtubules: determine the shape of the cell; radiate out from centrosome; composed of tubulin; serve as movement of cell and determine shape of cell
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32
Q

centrosomes

A

the microtubule organizing center of the cell; ogranelle movement; contains centrioles; forms spindle apparatus which is important for cell division

33
Q

cellular extensions

A

not all cells have these. cilia: long extensions that detect stimuli and move substances across the cell surface
flagella: sperm
microvilli: small projections to increase surface area; found where absorption is important

34
Q

ribosomes

A

responsible for protein synthesis;

35
Q

proteasomes

A

removes proteins from cytoplasm

36
Q

proteases

A

protein digesting enzyme

37
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

covered in ribosomes, factory like, builds proteins, continuous with nuclear envelope

38
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

no protein, makes phospholipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones and glycogen

39
Q

glycogen

A

used in kidneys and liver to detoxify drugs

40
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

made of flattened sacs that modify and package secretions, add or remove carbs to protein, renews plasma membrane, makes lysosomes

41
Q

lysosomes

A

contains hydrolytic enzymes that breakdown molecules, destroy bacteria and old organelles

42
Q

apoptosis

A

controlled cellular lysis (burst) aka death

43
Q

autolysis

A

uncontrolled cellular lysis in a damaged or dead cell

44
Q

mitochondria

A

produce energy in the form of ATP, present in muscle cells not RBCs; has double membrane, outer and inner which has cristae filled with matrix

45
Q

cellular respiration

A

95% of where ATP is made; 3 steps: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

46
Q

glycolysis

A

happens in the cytosol
2 net ATP

47
Q

citric acid cycle

A

happens in the mitochondria
2 net ATP

48
Q

electron transport chain

A

happens in the mitochondria
net 34 molecules of ATP

49
Q

anatomy of nucleus

A
  1. nuclear envelope (membrane) has nuclear pores and is continuous with the ER
  2. nucleoplasm (like cytoplasm)
  3. nucleoli that made rRNA, assemble ribosomal subunits, dark stained area in nucleus
50
Q

DNA

A

contains hereditary information, and stores instructions for protein synthesis. dna wraps around histones to make nucleosomes (loosely wrapped chromatin when not dividing) (tightly wrapped chromosomes when dividing)

51
Q

gene expression

A

when not all genes are turned on in cell

52
Q

genetic code

A

a sequence of three nitrogenous bases that represent a single amino acid
ex: TGT-UGU=cysteine
A-T, C-G and A-U(RNA)

53
Q

RNA molecule

A

has a single nucleotide chain, and its shape is determined by the sequence of nucleotides

54
Q

codon

A

sequence of 3 base mRNA that compliment the triplets in DNA
EACH CODON = 1 AMINO ACID

55
Q

where does transcription take place?

A

meaning to copy, this happens in the nucleus

56
Q

where does translation happen?

A

translation happens in the cytoplasm

57
Q

what molecules and structures are involved in translation?

A

changing language; ribosomes help change from nucleotides to amino acids; tRNA- anticodon (complementary to codon), attached with a specific amino acid connected with peptide bonds; ends with a polypeptide chain

58
Q

what molecules and structures are involved in transcription?

A

DNA to RNA; smaller portable copy-mRNA is the messenger A-U, C-G; ends with an mRNA strand

59
Q

polypeptide chain

A

a chain of amino acids strung together by peptide bonds; 100+ make proteins

60
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

interphase, G0, G1, S, G2, M phase- mitosis (PMAT), cytokinesis

61
Q

interphase

A

occurs between cell division; normal functioning

62
Q

M phase

A

the phase cells go through when it is dividing;

63
Q

G0 phase

A

just functioning normally; no changes

64
Q

G1 phase

A

start preparing the cell for division; duplication of important starting organelles and copies of DNA; protein synthesis

65
Q

S phase

A

replicating DNA

66
Q

G2 phase

A

synthesis proteins; double check everything we have and need, make sure we’re ready to divide between both cells, and make sure they will survive

67
Q

mitosis (PMAT)

A

division of the nucleus; start with 1 and end with 2 nuclei;
prophase: nucleus breaks up, centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell and then the spindle apparatus forms

68
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of everything else

69
Q

metaphase

A

sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell

70
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes get pulled apart; sister chromatids migrate to each centrosome

71
Q

telophase

A

nuclear envelope reforms around each of the 23 pairs of chromosomes; ready to cytokinesis

72
Q

cytokinesis

A

starts in anaphase; actin fibers contract to pinch off the two cells (cleavage furrow) and will finally cut the cell in two with the exact copies

73
Q

tumor

A

neoplasm; mass produced by abnormal cell growth and division

74
Q

benign tumor

A

cells remain in the tissue where they were created; not cancerous, not life threatening

75
Q

malignant tumor

A

lose connection with each other and spread from the original tissue; cancerous; mal=bad; invade surrounding tissues, non-functioning tissue

76
Q

mutagen

A

anything that causes a mutation of DNA ex: sun

77
Q

carcinogen

A

cancer-causing agents ex: alcohol, cigarettes

78
Q

metastasis

A

travel from one area of the body to another area

79
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology I (8 decks)

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