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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and mass

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2
Q

What is mass?

A

the measurement of material in matter

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3
Q

What is an element/atom?

A

atoms are the smallest stable units of matter, an element is the substance made up of the atom

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4
Q

what is the structure of an atom?

A

unique and contains electrons, protons and neutrons

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5
Q

what are electrons?

A

(-) very small and almost no mass

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6
Q

what are protons?

A

(+) large and found in the nucleus

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7
Q

what are neutrons?

A

neutral, large and found in the nucleus

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8
Q

what is the chemical symbol?

A

abbreviations of elements ex: H, O, Cl

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9
Q

what is an isotope?

A

isotopes have identical chemical properties but have different masses. ex: 1H, 2H, 3H

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10
Q

what are radioisotopes?

A

some nuclei are unstable and will break down, when they break down, they release energy in the form of subatomic particles known as radiation. they are used in medicine to detect glucose in cancer cells and also radioactive iodine

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11
Q

What a valence shell and a valence electron?

A

the valence shell is the outer-most shell and the valence electrons are lcoated in the outer-ring, 8 electrons should be in the outer ring, the first ring only has 2

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12
Q

how do you draw oxygen?

A

2 in the first shell and 6 in the outer shell

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13
Q

what is chemical bonding?

A

chemical bonds are formed between two or more atoms that have unfilled valence shells (unstable)

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14
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

when atoms either gain or lose electrons

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15
Q

what is an ion?

A

atoms that have an electrical charge

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16
Q

cation

A

when an atom gives electrons

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17
Q

anion

A

when an atom gains an electron

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18
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

instead of donating electrons, they share to complete each other valence shell. can have single, double, or triple bonds ex: H-H, H=H, HEH

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19
Q

what is nonpolar vs polar covalent bonds?

A

nonpolar is equal sharing of electrons between atoms ex: 02
polar is unequal sharing of electrons between atoms ex: H2O

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20
Q

what is hydrogen bond?

A

when the slightly negative charge of hydrogen bonds attracts a slightly positive charge of another molecule.

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21
Q

chemical reaction

A

when bonds between atoms are created or broken

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22
Q

what are the 5 properties of water?

A

universal solvent (water+solute=solution), reactivity (water molecules are often reactants),
lubricant (little friction between water molecules) , high heat capacity, principles of adhesion and cohesion

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23
Q

metabolism

A

the sum total of reactions taking place within the body at any given time

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24
Q

decomposition reaction

A

a reaction where a more complex molecule breaks down to form two or more simpler products

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25
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

a decomposition reaction in which water is an important part of the breakdown of the molecule (hydro/lysis=water/breakdown)

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26
Q

catabolism

A

collective term for all decomposition reactions in the body ex:hydrolysis, decomposition,

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27
Q

synthesis reaction

A

combine atoms or molecules into larger, complex structures (formation of new bonds)

28
Q

dehydration (condensation reaction)

A

removes water as new structures are formed

29
Q

anabolism

A

collective term for all sythesis reactions in the body (dehydration and synthesis)

30
Q

exchange reaction

A

neither anabolic nor catabolic where reacting molecules switch places to produce different molecules

31
Q

what is the function of an enzyme?

A

enzymes help reactions take place at a speed and environment that is compatible with life. typically ending in -ase

32
Q

what is the structure of an enzyme?

A

an enzyme has an active site where substrates can bind to it. protease breaks down proteins

33
Q

what are acids and bases?

A

acids will dissociate in water and release H+ ions ex: vinegar
bases take up free H= or release OH- ex: baking soda

34
Q

how do hydrogen ions affect the pH scale

A

the measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution; when the concentration of hydrogen
ions increases, pH decreases and vise versa

35
Q

what are buffers?

A

prevent large changes in pH and take up excessive H+ and OH-

36
Q

what is organic vs inorganic compounds

A

inorganic does not contain carbon or hydrogen atoms as their backbone ex: Co2, oxygen, water, salts, acids, bases
organic has carbon and hydrogen as the backbone and are usually bound to each other ex: carbohydrates, lipids proteins, and nucleic acids

37
Q

what are the macromolecules?

A

nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

38
Q

what is the structure of carbohydrates?

A

contain 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
these are an important source of energy

39
Q

what are the 3 different monosaccharides?

A

glucose fructose and galactose

40
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

combination of 2 monosaccharides using dehydration synthesis

41
Q

glucose +fructose= _____

A

sucrose

41
Q

glucose + galactose = _______

A

lactose

42
Q

glucose + glucose =_______

A

maltose

43
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

usually long chains on monosaccharides that are straight or highly branches

44
Q

what are examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

45
Q

what is the structure of fatty acids?

A

long chains of carbon with carboxyl on the end

46
Q

what is saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids?

A

saturated have single bonded carbon (solid at room temp)and unsaturated have double bonded carbon (oils)

47
Q

what is the structure and function of glycerides?

A

bind to glycerol and form mono-, di-, try-glycerides
formed by dehydration reactions and are used for energy, insulation and protection

48
Q

what is the structure steroids?

A

these have 4 carbon ring structure
ex: cholesterol; strengthens the plasma membrane, testosterone vs. estrogen

49
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

a diglyceride with a phosphate attached found in the plasma membrane; hydrophilic head likes water and inner hydrophobic tails don;t

50
Q

what are the functions of proteins in the body?

A

support, movement, buffering, transport, metabolism, control and coordination, defense

51
Q

what is the structure of an amino acid?

A

central C, H, amine NH2, carboxyl group COOH
9 amino acids we get from food and 11 the body makes

52
Q

what is the structure of a protein?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

53
Q

primary structure of protein

A

the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

54
Q

secondary structure of protein

A

the amino acids start to form hydrogen bonds with each other (spiral or pleated sheet)

55
Q

tertiary structure of protein

A

stronger interactions between the R groups on the chain, leads to final 3D shape

56
Q

quaternary structure of protein

A

interaction between multiple chains to form a protein complex; not every protein has this

57
Q

how do proteins denature?

A

this happens when proteins are exposed to extreme heat or pH. usually irreversable like the acid in the stomach to digest food

58
Q

what is a nucleotide?

A

pentose sugar; DNA- deoxyribose RNA- ribose
phosphate group
nitrogen containing base

59
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases (DNA and RNA)?

A

A-T(DNA); A-U(RNA) and G-C

60
Q

what is the structure and function of DNA?

A

DNA in cells holds code information to create proteins made by a pair of nucleotide chains with the nitrogenous bases projecting in

61
Q

what is the structure of RNA?

A

single chain of nucleotides

62
Q

what is mRNA?

A

messenger RNA

63
Q

what is tRNA?

A

transfer RNA

64
Q

what is rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA

Anatomy and Physiology I (8 decks)

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