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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

rostral

A

toward the forehead

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2
Q

caudal

A

toward the spinal cord

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3
Q

what is the formation of the neural tube

A

first the posterior midline of embryo thickens to form neural plate then the neural plate sinks and edges thicken. then the neural groove forms raised neural folds on each side and lastly the folds fuse to create the hollow neural tube by day 26 of development

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4
Q

embryonic origin of cerebrum

A

telencephalon > prosencephalon (forebrain)

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5
Q

embryonic origin of epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

A

diencephalon > prosencephalon (forebrain)

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6
Q

embryonic origin of midbrain

A

mesencephalon > midbrain

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7
Q

embryonic origin of pons and cerebellum

A

metencephalon > rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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8
Q

embryonic origin of medulla oblongota

A

myelencephalon > rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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9
Q

what are the meninges that cover the brain

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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10
Q

the dura mater

A

the outermost layer that is fused to the periosteum with no epidural space
it folds inward to extend between and divide parts of brain; provide support and stabilization;

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11
Q

where is falx cerebri found

A

longitudinal fissure

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12
Q

where is tentorium cerebelli found

A

transverse fissure

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13
Q

falx cerebelli

A

posterior cerebellar notch

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14
Q

arachnoid mater

A

has the subarachnoid space that contains CSF

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15
Q

pia mater

A

hugs the contours of the cerebrum

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16
Q

gyrus

A

worm contours of brain

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17
Q

sulcus

A

the dips or grooves in the brain

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18
Q

dural sinuses

A

collecting veins located within the dural folds

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19
Q

key clinical features of meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges; pia mater and arachnoid mostly affected; causes swelling of the brain, enlargment of ventricles and hemorrhaging; caused by bacterial, fungal, viral of CNS; symptoms: high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, intense headache, progesses to coma then death; diagnosed by lumbar puncture

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20
Q

make-up of CSF and its functions

A

clear, colorless liquid fills canals and ventricals and subarachnoid space; brain produces and absorbs 500 mL/day. 100 to 160 mL normally present at one time

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21
Q

choroid plexus

A

capillaries of the brain that filter blood plasma. using ependymal cells changed blood to csf to add more Na and chloride; found in each ventricle

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22
Q

pertinent anatomy of ventricles and ducts

A

home of the choroid plexus; lateral ventricles: csf formed here > third ventricle: through interventricular foramen; found inferior to corpus callosum > fourth ventricle: through cerebral aqueduct; between brain stem and cerebellum > central canal lined with ependymal cells

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23
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

regulate what comes in and out of the brain; capillaries of the choroid plexus and blood capillaries of the brain tissue; astrocytes reach out and contact capillaries with their perivascular feet

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24
Q

midbrain

A

contains cerebral aquaduct; contains cranial nerve III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear); if brain is injured you will have loss of eye movement

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25
Q

what is the function of the superior colliculi of the midbrain

A

function in visual attention and tracking movements

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26
Q

pons

A

contains cranial nerves; V, VI, VII, VIII; ascending and descending tracts pass through here; if injured loss of cutaneous sensation to face, mastication, hearing, taste, equilibrium

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27
Q

medulla oblongata

A

contains cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, XII; if injured equilibrium/hearing, motor to throat, taste posterior 1/3rd of tongue, motor to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, motor to tongue

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28
Q

medullary pyramids

A

descending fibers called corticospinal tracts; carry motor signals to skeletal muscles, 90% decussate; contains cardiac, vasomotor and respiratory centers

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29
Q

what is apart of the brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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30
Q

anatomy of cerebellum

A

separated from cerebrum by transverse fissure; right and left hemisphere called vermis; has folia to increase surface area, lots of gray matter; white matter called arbor vitae;

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31
Q

function of cerebellum

A

coordination movement and locomotion; keeps us upright, alcohol and some drugs can temporarily affect cerebellar function; muscle movement; ataxia occurs

32
Q

thalamus anatomy

A

mass on each side of brain at superior end of brainstem beneath cerebral hemispheres; two thalami joined by interthalamic adhesion

33
Q

thalamus functions

A

filter information; plays key role in motor control; involved in memory and emotional function of the limbic system

34
Q

hypothalamus anatomy

A

connected by infundibulum and contains pituitary gland

35
Q

hypothalamus functions

A

control of autonomic and endocrine system; secretes hormones, homeostatic regulation, circadium rhythm, food/water intake

36
Q

how does the hypothalamus relate to endocrine and autonomic nervous systems

A

secretes hormones and influences heart rate, blood pressure, gi secretions, motility

37
Q

anatomy of cerebrum

A

longitudinal fissure between two halfs; corpus callosum connected too; has give lobes

38
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary motor functions, personality: aggression, emotion, mood, planning, motivation; doesn’t fully develop until early-mid 20s

39
Q

parietal lobe

A

primary sensory cortex , taste, some visual information

40
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex of brain

41
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, smell, learning, memory, limbic system

42
Q

insula

A

helps in understanding spoken language,

43
Q

orientation of white and grey matter in brain

A

gray matter- neurosomas, dendrites, synapses
white matter- bundles of axons

44
Q

limbic system

A

process and regulate emotion and memory/learning: emotional brain

45
Q

pre central gyrus

A

anterior border of the central sulcus in frontal lobe; forms the primary motor cortex

46
Q

post central gyrus

A

forms posterior border of the central sulcus in parietal lobe; contains primary sensory cortex

47
Q

components of limbic system

A

cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala

48
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

arches over corpus callosum in frontal and parietal lobes

49
Q

hippocampus

A

in medial temporal lobe (memory)

50
Q

amygdala

A

immediately rostral to hippocampus (emotion)

51
Q

gratification

A

sensations of pleasure or reward

52
Q

aversion

A

sensations of fear or sorrow

53
Q

where is gray matter found in brain

A

cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, limbic system

54
Q

alpha waves

A

8 to 13 Hz; awake and resting with eyes closed and mind wandering

55
Q

beta waves

A

14 to 30 Hz; eyes open and performing mental tasks

56
Q

theta waves

A

4 to 7 Hz; drowsy or sleeping adults; if awake and under emotional stress

57
Q

delta waves

A

<3.5 Hz; deep sleep in adults

58
Q

Stage 1 of sleep

A

drowsy, relaxed, eyes closed, drifting sensation, easily awakened; alpha waves

59
Q

stage 2 of sleep

A

light sleep; frequency decreases but amplitude increases with occasional sleep spindles

60
Q

stage 3 of sleep

A

moderate to deep sleep; muscles relax, vital signs fall; theta and deltas

61
Q

stage 4 of sleep

A

muscles very relaxed, vitals low, difficult to awaken; low frequency, high-amplitude delta

62
Q

sensory nerves

A

I, II, VII

63
Q

motor nerves

A

III, IV, VI, XI, XII

64
Q

Mixed nerves

A

V, VII, IX, X

65
Q

nerve I

A

olfactory nerve; sense of smell

66
Q

nerve II

A

optic; sight/vision

67
Q

nerve III

A

oculomotor; eye movement

68
Q

nerve IV

A

trochlear; eye movement, control of superior oblique

69
Q

nerve V

A

trigeminal; 3 division; cutaneous sensation of face, mastication (chewing)

70
Q

nerve VI

A

abducens; eye movement, control of lateral rectus

71
Q

nerve VII

A

facial; facial expression, taste in anterior 2/3rds tongue, glands

72
Q

nerve VIII

A

vestibulocochlear; hearing and equilibrium

73
Q

nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal; taste in posterior 1/3rd of tongue, motor to throat

74
Q

nerve X

A

vagus; longest parasympathetic nerve, major control of organs

75
Q

nerve XI

A

accessory; innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle

76
Q

nerve XII

A

hypoglossal; movement of tongue

Anatomy and Physiology I (8 decks)

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