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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

the study of the structure of the human body

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2
Q

What is Physiology?

A

the study of how organisms function

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3
Q

What is histology?

A

microscopic anatomy

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4
Q

what is cytology?

A

the study of the internal structure of individual cells

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5
Q

what is gross anatomy?

A

the study of the human body seen by the naked eye

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6
Q

what is the hierarchy of the human body? (smallest to largest)

A

atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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7
Q

what is an example of an atom?

A

oxygen, hydrogen, any element

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8
Q

what is an example of a molecule?

A

H2O (water), C6H12O6 (glucose), N2 (nitrogen), NaCl (table salt)

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9
Q

what is an example of a macromolecule?

A

nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

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10
Q

what is an example of a organelle?

A

endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), ribosome, nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, lysosomes

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11
Q

what is an example of a cell?

A

leukocyte, erythrocyte, neurons, adipocytes, fibroblasts,

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12
Q

what is an example of a tissue?

A

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue

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13
Q

what is an example of an organ?

A

kidney, liver, stomach, brain, skin, bladder,

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14
Q

what is an example of an organ system?

A

nervous, muscular, skeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic, urinary, reproductive, integumentary

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15
Q

what is anatomical position?

A

the patient is facing forwards with palms forward.

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16
Q

why do we use anatomical postion?

A

to make it easier on everyone in talking about the patient as if they were in anatomical position

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17
Q

superior/inferior

A

above/below

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18
Q

anterior/posterior

A

front/back

19
Q

proximal/distal

A

near/far from the point of attachment

20
Q

what is the other words for anterior/posterior?

A

ventral/dorsal

21
Q

medial/lateral

A

middle/outside

22
Q

flexion/extension

A

decrease angle/increase angle

23
Q

abduction/adduction

A

away from the midline/closer to the midline (limbs)

24
Q

frontal/coronal plane

A

separates into anterior/posterior

25
Q

sagittal plane

A

separates left and right halves of the body

25
Q

midsagittal plane

A

separates into equal halves

26
Q

parasagittal plane

A

unequal halves

27
Q

transverse plane

A

cross section, separates superior and inferior

28
Q

homeostasis

A

the body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain a relatively stable internal condition

29
Q

what is the body’s goal?

A

to maintain a stable internal invironment

30
Q

what is dynamic equilibrium?

A

when two opposed forces are in balance

31
Q

what is an example of dynamic equilibrium?

A

when body temp goes down and body heat production rises

32
Q

what happens when homeostasis is not maintained?

A

disease and/or death

33
Q

autoregulation and an example

A

process that occurs when a cell, tissue or organ adjusts in response to come environmental change, ex: when oxygen is low in the region the blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow

34
Q

extrinsic regulation

A

process that results from the activites of the nervous sytem or endocrine system

35
Q

what are the 3 parts to the homeostatic mechanism

A

receptor, control ccenter, effector

36
Q

receptor

A

sensor that is senstitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change

37
Q

control center

A

receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands

38
Q

effector

A

a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimuli

39
Q

negative feedback

A

when the body counteracts change

40
Q

positive feedback

A

when the body amplifies change

41
Q

what is an example of negative feedback?

A

thermoregulation

42
Q

what is an example of positive feedback loop?

A

birth and contractions

43
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology I (8 decks)

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