Chapter 3 Flashcards
The extent that a principal effectively captures the concept
classification validity
the extent that a classification scheme is useful
classification utility
classifying based on if it belongs to a category or not
categorical approach
classifying based on what properties or characteristics they posses and if they match the construct
dimensional approach
Who used a dimensional approach to classify children’s difficulties that tend to co-occur
Thomas Achenbach
Problems that are reflected in behaviour towards other things or people
externalizing problems
problems that reflected in emotional behaviour towards the self
internalizing problems
Classification system based on rules that each cluster to provide an outline of a specific disorder
diagnostic system
a description of a specific disorder and outline of the best ways to treat it
diagnosis
What are some negatives of a diagnsis system?
stigmatization, misdiagnosis, requiring one to access help
Who laid the foundation for modern diagnostic systems?
Emil Kraepelin
Which classification system views each diagnosis as a medical illness, using a criteria approach and placing importance on reliability
neo-Kraepelinian
members of a diagnostic category may differ, but they all share similar underlying characteristics to the best example of that category.
prototype model
Why is it difficult to define abnormality?
Norms change depending on culture, age, time period, and situation.
a framework for understanding behaviour in relation to development milestones and development stages
developmental psychopathology
How is a mental disorder diagnosis different then a medical one?
There are no physical lab testing options and data is usually mostly self-reported.
What is one of the main issues with DSM diagnosis?
lack of validity data
A frame work that integrates multiple sources of date on mental disorders
Research Domain Criteria
Why was depression not recognized in adolescence until 1980s?
Depression was thought to be a problem of the superego which does not fully develop until later and children express emotions in different ways then adults.
Behaviours are dysfunctional which leads to significant distress and harm to the individual and others.
harmful dysfunction
the impairment must be involuntary or not easily controlled
dyscontrol
What is the issue with the current operalization of dysfunction?
It is centered in western values and ideas of normal
how many people worldwide meet the criteria for a diagnosis?
1 in 5
true or false: mental disorders are more disabiling then physical ones
true
What theory is used to find the ethology of mental disorders?
biopsychosocial model
What puts people at risk of developing a mental health disorder?
life stress, traumatic experiences, natural disasters, developmental stage (puberty and young adulthood), gender (being female)
The phase of the DSM that provided vague diagnostic descriptions and only recommended psychoanalysis
DSM original
The phase of the DSM that recommended more biological and neurological explanations and less psychoanalytic explantations
DSM 2
What phase of the DSM moved away from a theory guide and more into behavioural descriptions, explicit lists of symptoms, and more attention to reliability of diagnosis
DSM -III
Which DSM was the most collaborative with efforts from clinicians and researchers
DSM IV
Which DSM significantly added more diagnosis’s and more medical/biological views
DSM-V
What were the concerns with the development of the DSM-V?
lack of transparency in process, too many diagnosis’s, and focusing too much on the biological side
What approach does the DSM use?
categorical approach
What other information does the DSM-V provide outside of diagnosis information?
cultural, age and gender considerations, possible subtypes, patterns, prevalence, course, differential diagnosis, and evaluation considerations.
Why is cultural considerations important in the DSM?
Diversity within a population, different values that affect behaviour, cultural specific disorders, assisting clinicians that are not from that culture.
Who developed the International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems (ICD)?
WHO
What does the ICD do differently compared to the DSM?
Provides population data, updated more frequently, used in health care and mental health care, goes beyond just statistical information, some diagnosis’s are different, greater focus on clinical utility.
True or false: the ICD and DSM are in competition.
False: they are meant to be used together
What is unique about the ICD-11?
There will be two versions, one for clinical use and one for research use
Limitations of Diagnostic Systems
defining abnormality, reliability, heterogeneity of symptom profiles, validity, and comorbidity
What is the main advantage of a dimensional classification system?
Acknowledgment of comorbidity, differences in presentation within diagnosis, and patterns across disorders
