Chapter 12 Flashcards
What did Han Eysenck propose about the state of psychotherapy in 1952?
rates of improvement of treated clients are not any better and potentially worse than untreated clients
What is the main issue of not having randomized control trials for psychotherapy?
don’t know if the treatments actually work
How was effectiveness of treatments determined before randomized controlled trials?
case studies and clinical experiences
What is the main issue with Eysenck’s review?
it wasn’t valid or properly controlled
Why are most reviews of psychotherapies invalid?
used different criteria for effective, different criteria for who to include, and based on their own preferences
A set of statistical procedures for summarizing many studies
meta-analysis
A standardized metric for deviation and correlations that allow results to be compared from different studies
effect size
What units are effect size in?
deviation units (d)
What is an r statistic?
strength of correlation
What does d = .5 mean?
there is a difference of one-half of a standard deviation between groups
What is the average effect of psychotherapy in d and percentage?
d = .68 or the average person who got treatment was better at the end than 74% who did not get treatment
In the second meta-analysis by smith, class and miller which was the most effective treatment and what was the d value?
cognitive and d=.31
What is the least effective treatment?
humanistic
What type of disorder is best treated by psychotherapies?
mood and anxiety
When journals only publish studies that show significant results
publication bias
Why might publication bias effect meta-analysis?
meta-analysis might inflate or deflate the impact of a type of treatment
A study that goes unpublished because the conclusions will not have a large impact on the current literature
grey literature
Who proposed that it was methodological issues that make meta-analysis inflate or deflate results?
Drew Westen
A summary of scientific research designed to provide guidance
clinical practice guidelines
When and why did clinical practice guidelines get made?
1990s and because of government pressure to not pay for extensive treatments
A treatment must have two independently conducted studies that prove effectiveness in symptom reduction and improved functioning
empirically supported treatment
What is the three criteria for determining if there is evidence of treatment efficacy?
- at least one high quality RCT showing efficacy
- clear description of treatment
- Clear description of who gets this treatment
A type of initial exploratory study in which no control group is used and there are few exclusion criteria
open trial
Who is there evidence-based treatment for?
almost all common mental disorders in adults
What does the CPA recommend psychologists use for psychotherapy?
psychotherapies that have evidence with little threats to internal and external validity
What is the focus of CBT for depression?
altering the behaviours, negative automatic thoughts, and dysfunctional beliefs
What does CBT for depression focus on?
relationships and social functioning
What is the order of CBT focuses?
- behaviour altering
- how thoughts influence behaviour
- challenging beliefs
- Relapse prevention
Focusing on re-engaging with pleasurable activities and activity-scheduling assignments because they tend to disappear with low mood
behaviour altering
What is thought-monitoring?
looking out for links between upsetting thoughts and upsetting situations
What is the order of treatment used CBT for PTSD?
- Relaxation skills
- Imaginal exposure
- In vivo exposure
When a patient is supposed to imagine the traumatic situation to gain an overall better understanding of the events that occurred and do some emotional processing
imaginal exposure
Working though stimuli that reminds the patient of the trauma
in vivo exposure
A type of process-experiential therapy that focuses on the way relationship behaviours can be dysfunctional
Emotionally focused couples therapy
What is the two goals of emotionally focused couples therapy?
modify emotional and interactional responses and improve secure bonds
Is developing a efficacious treatment in a controlled setting a problem?
no, it can be transferred to practice with little issues
Using the results of efficacy trials to form a standard against which services provided can be compared
benchmarking strategy
What are some of the reasons why psychological treatments are slow to develop?
- can’t patent so they won’t make money
- lots of training requirements to be standardized (money)
- ethical codes preventing advertising (money)
Why don’t some psychologist feel the need to provide evidenced-based decision making and interventions?
44% of PhD and 67% of Psy.D. never got any training
