Chapter 12

Question 1

What did Han Eysenck propose about the state of psychotherapy in 1952?

Answer 1

rates of improvement of treated clients are not any better and potentially worse than untreated clients

Question 2

What is the main issue of not having randomized control trials for psychotherapy?

Answer 2

don’t know if the treatments actually work

Question 3

How was effectiveness of treatments determined before randomized controlled trials?

Answer 3

case studies and clinical experiences

Question 4

What is the main issue with Eysenck’s review?

Answer 4

it wasn’t valid or properly controlled

Question 5

Why are most reviews of psychotherapies invalid?

Answer 5

used different criteria for effective, different criteria for who to include, and based on their own preferences

Question 6

A set of statistical procedures for summarizing many studies

Answer 6

meta-analysis

Question 7

A standardized metric for deviation and correlations that allow results to be compared from different studies

Answer 7

effect size

Question 8

What units are effect size in?

Answer 8

deviation units (d)

Question 8

What is an r statistic?

Answer 8

strength of correlation

Question 9

What does d = .5 mean?

Answer 9

there is a difference of one-half of a standard deviation between groups

Question 10

What is the average effect of psychotherapy in d and percentage?

Answer 10

d = .68 or the average person who got treatment was better at the end than 74% who did not get treatment

Question 11

In the second meta-analysis by smith, class and miller which was the most effective treatment and what was the d value?

Answer 11

cognitive and d=.31

Question 12

What is the least effective treatment?

Answer 12

humanistic

Question 13

What type of disorder is best treated by psychotherapies?

Answer 13

mood and anxiety

Question 14

When journals only publish studies that show significant results

Answer 14

publication bias

Question 15

Why might publication bias effect meta-analysis?

Answer 15

meta-analysis might inflate or deflate the impact of a type of treatment

Question 16

A study that goes unpublished because the conclusions will not have a large impact on the current literature

Answer 16

grey literature

Question 17

Who proposed that it was methodological issues that make meta-analysis inflate or deflate results?

Answer 17

Drew Westen

Question 18

A summary of scientific research designed to provide guidance

Answer 18

clinical practice guidelines

Question 19

When and why did clinical practice guidelines get made?

Answer 19

1990s and because of government pressure to not pay for extensive treatments

Question 20

A treatment must have two independently conducted studies that prove effectiveness in symptom reduction and improved functioning

Answer 20

empirically supported treatment

Question 21

What is the three criteria for determining if there is evidence of treatment efficacy?

Answer 21

1. at least one high quality RCT showing efficacy
2. clear description of treatment
3. Clear description of who gets this treatment

Question 22

A type of initial exploratory study in which no control group is used and there are few exclusion criteria

Answer 22

open trial

Question 23

Who is there evidence-based treatment for?

Answer 23

almost all common mental disorders in adults

Question 24

What does the CPA recommend psychologists use for psychotherapy?

Answer 24

psychotherapies that have evidence with little threats to internal and external validity

Question 25

What is the focus of CBT for depression?

Answer 25

altering the behaviours, negative automatic thoughts, and dysfunctional beliefs

Question 26

What does CBT for depression focus on?

Answer 26

relationships and social functioning

Question 27

What is the order of CBT focuses?

Answer 27

1. behaviour altering
2. how thoughts influence behaviour
3. challenging beliefs
4. Relapse prevention

Question 28

Focusing on re-engaging with pleasurable activities and activity-scheduling assignments because they tend to disappear with low mood

Answer 28

behaviour altering

Question 29

What is thought-monitoring?

Answer 29

looking out for links between upsetting thoughts and upsetting situations

Question 30

What is the order of treatment used CBT for PTSD?

Answer 30

1. Relaxation skills
2. Imaginal exposure
3. In vivo exposure

Question 31

When a patient is supposed to imagine the traumatic situation to gain an overall better understanding of the events that occurred and do some emotional processing

Answer 31

imaginal exposure

Question 32

Working though stimuli that reminds the patient of the trauma

Answer 32

in vivo exposure

Question 33

A type of process-experiential therapy that focuses on the way relationship behaviours can be dysfunctional

Answer 33

Emotionally focused couples therapy

Question 34

What is the two goals of emotionally focused couples therapy?

Answer 34

modify emotional and interactional responses and improve secure bonds

Question 35

Is developing a efficacious treatment in a controlled setting a problem?

Answer 35

no, it can be transferred to practice with little issues

Question 36

Using the results of efficacy trials to form a standard against which services provided can be compared

Answer 36

benchmarking strategy

Question 37

What are some of the reasons why psychological treatments are slow to develop?

Answer 37

1. can’t patent so they won’t make money
2. lots of training requirements to be standardized (money)
3. ethical codes preventing advertising (money)

Question 38

Why don’t some psychologist feel the need to provide evidenced-based decision making and interventions?

Answer 38

44% of PhD and 67% of Psy.D. never got any training