chapter 3

Question 1

color-blind racism

Answer 1

The assertion that race no longer matters and that any persisting racial inequalities are best explained by individual efforts or imagined cultural traits

Question 2

controlling images

Answer 2

Intensely familiar racial stereotypes reinforced by media representations and political discourse, which influence public policy and perpetuate racial inequality

Question 3

double consciousness

Answer 3

African Americans’ dual awareness of who they know themselves to be and how others see them according to racial stereotypes and expectations

Question 4

economic capital

Answer 4

Material resources, including income, property, and wealth

Question 5

ethnicity

Answer 5

A cultural category marking shared traditions and communities, which may be based on religion, national origin, or other cultural practices

Question 6

gentrification

Answer 6

A process that occurs when wealthier (and therefore often whiter) people buy dilapidated homes in poor communities, thereby pushing out working class and poor communities (usually of color)

Question 7

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 7

Laws established by former Confederate states that effectively guaranteed second-class citizenship for people of color, limiting the citizenship rights and emancipation that the 14th Amendment had provided

Question 8

microagressions

Answer 8

Common, seemingly innocent statements or questions that reflect racial biases and perceptions about a group’s intelligence and worth

Question 9

prejudice

Answer 9

Individual biases and belief systems that attribute characteristics to a group of people so that we prejudge group members

Question 10

race

Answer 10

A category of identity that is determined by the society that surrounds it; in the United States, this includes Black, White, Asian, Latinx, and Native American.

Question 11

racial discrimination

Answer 11

The differential treatment of people based on their race

Question 12

racial privilege

Answer 12

Unearned advantages based on race

Question 13

racial profiling

Answer 13

Using race to screen for problematic individual behaviors

Question 14

racialization

Answer 14

The process of assigning people a race, along with the personality, behavioral, and social characteristics associated with that race, based on physical or cultural cues (e.g., skin color or speech patterns)

Question 15

racism

Answer 15

A system of advantage and disadvantage based on race; these advantages and disadvantages exist because of institutional, historical, ideological, economic, and political forces.

Question 16

redlining

Answer 16

Policies that made the racial composition of a neighborhood a central variable in determining its value and therefore determining the eligibility for mortgage loans in those areas
- facilitated residential segregation and low return on POC housing; legal until fair housing act of 1968

Question 17

social movements

Answer 17

Collective actions meant to influence social change

Question 18

voter suppresion

Answer 18

Efforts to limit the voting potential of a given population through indirect measures

Question 19

white flight

Answer 19

When White families move after people of color move into their neighborhood, for fear of living by black and brown people or that their homes will lose much of their value when the neighborhood becomes racially integrated

Question 20

similarities and differences of the U.S. racial classification

Answer 20

similarities:
origins
differences:
race mentioned versus not mentioned, place or origin, some more specific than others, tribal recognition

Question 21

double consciousness

Answer 21

African Americans’ dual awareness of who they know themselves to be and how others see them according to racial stereotypes

Question 22

naturalization act of 1970

Answer 22

• explicitly stated that only “free white persons” were eligible for citizenship”
• the racial clarification supported:
  
  • the institution of slavery
  • the conquest for Native Americans
  • the restriction of rights for Asians and Latinxs

Question 23

Land acts

Answer 23

(late 1800s - early 1900s)
- homesteading act
- gave 10% of U.S. lands to any white family willing to work to “improve” the land
- Disenfranchised many Native Americans

Question 23

Alien Land Acts

Answer 23

• restricted agricultural land ownership to citizens
• prohibited Asian immigrants from owning farms

Question 23

Slavery

Answer 23

• slavery was legal in the United States until 1868
• racial justifications established racism as a social practice

Question 24

racism has led to?

Answer 24

led to the unequal distribution of capital impacting people’s opportunities

Question 25

what is racism

Answer 25

• racism and racial inequalities persist through words and actions
• prejudice constitutes individual biases and belief systems -> racial dsicrimination

Question 26

Naturalization Act of 1790

Answer 26

• Explicitly stated that only “free white persons” were eligible for citizenship
• this racial clarification supported:
  ◦The institution of slavery
  ◦The conquest of native Americans
  ◦The restriction of rights for Asians and Latinxs

Question 27

The Land Acts

Answer 27

Homesteading Acts (available until 1976)
Land Acts (late 1800s-early 1900s)
◦Gave 10% of U.S. lands to any white family willing to work to “improve” the land
◦Disenfranchised many Native Americans
- Alien Land Acts
◦Restricted agricultural land ownership to citizens
◦Prohibited Asian immigrants from owning farms.

Question 28

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 28

• Slavery was legal in the United States until 1868
• Racial justifications established racism as a social practice
• Jim Crow Laws
  ◦Limited citizenship rights and emancipation provided by 14th amendment
  ◦Legal until Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s-1960s

Question 29

Urban renewal, white flight, and gentrification

Answer 29

Abolishment of redlining resulted in white flight (white families moving to
suburbs)
* Gentrification:
Changing the character of a poor urban area through influx of
wealthier new residents and investments
* displacing current inhabitants in the process

Question 30

Social problems, race, and racism

Answer 30

• Social: racial profiling segregation, and micro-aggressions
• political: voter suppression, gerrymandering, and laws and politics
• economic: hiring and pay discrimination, the ability to get a loan

Question 31

social movements and intersectionality

Answer 31

Social movement: Collective actions meant to influence social change.

• social movements are integral to anti-racism efforts
• decisions to vote impact elections, society, and you
  ◦Vote for candidates who enact policies and legislation that address racism and
  racial inequality
  ‣ Voting is a way to assert their own will in the U.S. democracy

Question 32

intersectionality

Answer 32

“intersectionality is a metaphor for understanding the ways that multiple
forms of inequality or disadvantage sometimes compound themselves and create obstacles
that often are not understood among conventional ways of thinking.” (Kimberle Crenshaw)