chapter 3 Flashcards
color-blind racism
The assertion that race no longer matters and that any persisting racial inequalities are best explained by individual efforts or imagined cultural traits
controlling images
Intensely familiar racial stereotypes reinforced by media representations and political discourse, which influence public policy and perpetuate racial inequality
double consciousness
African Americans’ dual awareness of who they know themselves to be and how others see them according to racial stereotypes and expectations
economic capital
Material resources, including income, property, and wealth
ethnicity
A cultural category marking shared traditions and communities, which may be based on religion, national origin, or other cultural practices
gentrification
A process that occurs when wealthier (and therefore often whiter) people buy dilapidated homes in poor communities, thereby pushing out working class and poor communities (usually of color)
Jim Crow Laws
Laws established by former Confederate states that effectively guaranteed second-class citizenship for people of color, limiting the citizenship rights and emancipation that the 14th Amendment had provided
microagressions
Common, seemingly innocent statements or questions that reflect racial biases and perceptions about a group’s intelligence and worth
prejudice
Individual biases and belief systems that attribute characteristics to a group of people so that we prejudge group members
race
A category of identity that is determined by the society that surrounds it; in the United States, this includes Black, White, Asian, Latinx, and Native American.
racial discrimination
The differential treatment of people based on their race
racial privilege
Unearned advantages based on race
racial profiling
Using race to screen for problematic individual behaviors
racialization
The process of assigning people a race, along with the personality, behavioral, and social characteristics associated with that race, based on physical or cultural cues (e.g., skin color or speech patterns)
racism
A system of advantage and disadvantage based on race; these advantages and disadvantages exist because of institutional, historical, ideological, economic, and political forces.
redlining
Policies that made the racial composition of a neighborhood a central variable in determining its value and therefore determining the eligibility for mortgage loans in those areas
- facilitated residential segregation and low return on POC housing; legal until fair housing act of 1968
social movements
Collective actions meant to influence social change
voter suppresion
Efforts to limit the voting potential of a given population through indirect measures
white flight
When White families move after people of color move into their neighborhood, for fear of living by black and brown people or that their homes will lose much of their value when the neighborhood becomes racially integrated
similarities and differences of the U.S. racial classification
similarities:
origins
differences:
race mentioned versus not mentioned, place or origin, some more specific than others, tribal recognition
double consciousness
African Americans’ dual awareness of who they know themselves to be and how others see them according to racial stereotypes
naturalization act of 1970
- explicitly stated that only “free white persons” were eligible for citizenship”
- the racial clarification supported:
- the institution of slavery
- the conquest for Native Americans
- the restriction of rights for Asians and Latinxs
Land acts
(late 1800s - early 1900s)
- homesteading act
- gave 10% of U.S. lands to any white family willing to work to “improve” the land
- Disenfranchised many Native Americans
Alien Land Acts
- restricted agricultural land ownership to citizens
- prohibited Asian immigrants from owning farms
Slavery
- slavery was legal in the United States until 1868
- racial justifications established racism as a social practice
racism has led to?
led to the unequal distribution of capital impacting people’s opportunities
what is racism
- racism and racial inequalities persist through words and actions
- prejudice constitutes individual biases and belief systems -> racial dsicrimination
Naturalization Act of 1790
- Explicitly stated that only “free white persons” were eligible for citizenship
- this racial clarification supported:
◦The institution of slavery
◦The conquest of native Americans
◦The restriction of rights for Asians and Latinxs
The Land Acts
Homesteading Acts (available until 1976)
Land Acts (late 1800s-early 1900s)
◦Gave 10% of U.S. lands to any white family willing to work to “improve” the land
◦Disenfranchised many Native Americans
- Alien Land Acts
◦Restricted agricultural land ownership to citizens
◦Prohibited Asian immigrants from owning farms.
Jim Crow Laws
- Slavery was legal in the United States until 1868
- Racial justifications established racism as a social practice
- Jim Crow Laws
◦Limited citizenship rights and emancipation provided by 14th amendment
◦Legal until Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s-1960s
Urban renewal, white flight, and gentrification
Abolishment of redlining resulted in white flight (white families moving to
suburbs)
* Gentrification:
Changing the character of a poor urban area through influx of
wealthier new residents and investments
* displacing current inhabitants in the process
Social problems, race, and racism
- Social: racial profiling segregation, and micro-aggressions
- political: voter suppression, gerrymandering, and laws and politics
- economic: hiring and pay discrimination, the ability to get a loan
social movements and intersectionality
Social movement: Collective actions meant to influence social change.
- social movements are integral to anti-racism efforts
- decisions to vote impact elections, society, and you
◦Vote for candidates who enact policies and legislation that address racism and
racial inequality
‣ Voting is a way to assert their own will in the U.S. democracy
intersectionality
“intersectionality is a metaphor for understanding the ways that multiple
forms of inequality or disadvantage sometimes compound themselves and create obstacles
that often are not understood among conventional ways of thinking.” (Kimberle Crenshaw)
