chapter 3

Question 1

Partitioning protiens

Answer 1

we have ParB and ParA. THe we have the ParS site

ParB binds to ParS (site) and ParA guides it to the opposite pole from the Stalk

Question 2

FitsZ

Answer 2

is the main protien in establishing the Septum formation /divisome

Question 3

MreB

Answer 3

MreB protiens form ‘elongasome’ which leads to Rods after FitsZ has completed partioning

Also, crescentin can acheive a Rod by inhibiting peptidoglygan synthesis on a side of the cell causing the other side to curve and elongate.

Question 4

Archea cell cylce compared to bacteria nd eukarya

Answer 4

Archea follow G1, S, G2, segregation, Cytokinesis, like eukarya

but chromosme division is, like bacteria

Cytokinesis is like eukarya

Question 5

Factors that contribute to the growth of a cell

Answer 5

1. water availability
2. pH
3. Tempurature
4. Oxygen concentration
5. Pressure
6. Radiation

Question 6

Biofilms

Answer 6

communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced matrix of extracellular slimy polymeric substances. They provide protection and nutrients

-cells in biofilms communicate via chemical signlaing (quorum sensing)

Question 7

ways of enumeration of microbes

Answer 7

enumeration = counting

Direct: traditional counting

Indirect: measure the mass

Labratory Technique:
a. chemostasis - control the nutirents
b. Turbidostats - control the desity population

Question 8

Types of media used to grow culture

Answer 8

Supportive Media (sustains many organisms)

Enriched Media (sustains fastidious microbe)

Selective Media (growth of some, but not all)

Differential Media (visual cues that are seen)

Question 9

Streak plate method VS. Spread Plate Method VS. Pour method

Answer 9

Streak = they are streaked across

Spread = even distribution

Pour = inside the media too, not just on top

Question 10

Sterilization

Answer 10

complete removal or killing of all cells and acellular entities

goal: everything is free of microorganisms

Question 11

Disinfection

Answer 11

inhibiting disease causing microogranisms

goal: significant reduction in disease causing microorganisms

Question 12

Sanitization

Answer 12

reducing microbe levels to public health standards

goal: sanitizing between customers in resturaunts

Question 13

Antisepsis

Answer 13

Killing or inhibiting microorganisms on living tissue

goal: Antisepsis on wounds

Question 14

Decimal reduction time (D-value)

Answer 14

the time required to kill 90% of microorganisms under specific conditions

Question 15

Z-value

Answer 15

the change in temperature required to obtain 10 fold reduction in the D-value

Question 16

the six factors that govern the effectivness of an antimicrobial agent

Answer 16

> Pop. size (larger=longer to kill)

> Pop. Composition (can be more susceptable)

> concentration/intensity of agent

> contact time

> tempurature

> Environment (ex: pH levels)

Question 17

type I secretion system

Answer 17

transports molecules, ions, drugs, and proteins

usually needs a chaperone

Question 18

type II secretion system

Answer 18

transport of proteins that requires Sec and Tat systems for intial transport

Sec - unfolded proteins
Tat - folded proteins

Question 19

type III secretion system

Answer 19

can inject proteins into eukaryotic cells used by pathogenic bacteria

Question 20

Type IV secretion system

Answer 20

is used asestrally in conjugation to translocate effector proteins into eukarotic hosts

Question 21

the Baltimore Scheme to classify viruses contains a total of ___ groups based on ____

Answer 21

7, genome composition and transcription mechanism