Chapter 2

Question 1

Cocci

Answer 1

Round shape

Question 2

Bacilli

Answer 2

Rod shape

Question 3

Spirochets

Answer 3

FLEXIBLE Cork screw shape rods

Question 4

Spirilla

Answer 4

Rigid spiral shape usually shorter than spirochetes

Question 5

Pleomorphic

Answer 5

No consistent shape

Question 6

Stalk

Answer 6

Anchor bacteria to surfaces

Question 7

vibrios

Answer 7

comma-shaped (subset of spirilla)

Question 8

bacterial cell envelope

Answer 8

the material that encases the entire bacterial cell. Can be the membrane, cell wall, and any layers outside the cell wall (capsul or slime layer)

Question 9

plasma membrane

Answer 9

the inner most layer. It has 2 parts. lipid part and the protien part.

Question 10

bacterial cell wall

Answer 10

helps maintain the bacteria’s shape. there are gram-neg and gram-pos. the outer wall in gram-neg is mostly made up liposaccharides that contributes to surafce charge, membrane stability, and permeability. The periplasmic space is in the middle and is involved in peptidoglycan synthesis and detoxification

Question 11

who developed stain

Answer 11

christain gram

Question 12

how does penicillan effect the bacteria cell

Answer 12

penicillan targets the enzyme, transpeptidase to weaken the walls. which hold together the peptidoglycan wall. Thus, the cell lyses.

Question 13

Most outer layer in envelope for gram-neg or pos

Answer 13

capsules
- not easily washed off
-made of polysaccharides
-can be seen with a thick stain and light-micro
-prevents drying out and can deter viruses

slime-layer
- easily washed off
-made of polysaccharides
-more difficult to see under light-micro

S-layer
-protects against pH
-made of protein of glycoprotein
-in gram-neg, adheres non-covaletly to outer membrane
-in gram-pos, it is associated with the peptidoglycan layer

Question 14

bacterial cytoskeleton

Answer 14

made of protien filaments that maintain shape and intracellualr components like ribosomes, plasmids and inclusions

Question 15

Cytoskeleton components: inculsions

Answer 15

inculsions are common in all cells. they are typically used for storage

Question 16

Cytoskeleton components: ribosomes

Answer 16

for protien synethsis - composed of rRNA and proteins. have 2 sub-units, 30S and 50S

Question 17

Cytoskeleton components: Nucleoids

Answer 17

typically dsDNA formed in a circle. Baterial chromosomes are much larger that the cell so it must undergo compaction to fit. Chromosomes are located in the nucleoid

Question 18

Cytoskeleton components: plasmids

Answer 18

dsDNA that exist outside of the nucleoid.

episomes - type of plasmid that are able to integrate into the cell’s chromosome and be replicated with the rest of the chromosome

Question 19

flagella

Answer 19

in bacterial they grow from the tip

in archea they grow from tip to base

in eukarya they grow from the tip (but requires more complex assebly process)

Question 20

chemotaxis

Answer 20

chemotaxis is the movement of a cell in a favorable direction

5 methods of movement

1. flagella
   -smooth swimming (counter cw)
   -tumble manuver (cw)
   -energy: proton motive force
2. flagella mediated swarming
   -group movement across moist surface
   -energy: PMF
3. corkscrew by spirochetes (not for exam)
4. Twitching
   -pili extends and pulls cell in
   -energy: ATP hydrolysis
5. Gliding
   -smooth moving without any appendages
   -energy: PMF

Question 21

Endospore

Answer 21

dormant cells in bacteria. created when nutrients are low in hopes nutrients will come back

Question 21

Sporulation cycle

Answer 21

7 steps

1. chromosomal replication
2. Asymetric cell division
   -septum forms off-center creating two unequal cells (larger is mother)
3. engulfmaent (mother engulfs the forespore leading to 2 membranes)
4. cortex formation (peptidoglycan layer forms [cortex] to dehydrate the core)
5. Coat formation (80 protein protective coat)
6. Maturation (forespore gets further dehydrated, making it highly resistant)
7. Release (mother lyses, releasing mature endospore into environment)

Question 21

differences between pseudomurein wall in achea and peptidoplaycan (murein)

Answer 21

-amino acid in cross links
-sugar components
-glycosidic bonds

these differences make achea more resistant to lysosome, penicillan, and other chemicals that target peptidoglycan

Question 22

Lifestyle of a virus in prokaryotes

Answer 22

either lytic infection or Lysogenic infection

Question 23

Lifestyle of a virus in Eukaryotes

Answer 23

a. Cytosidal infection (lyses)

b. Persistant infection
-Latent (virus lays dormant)
-Chronic (production cont. while cells alive)

c. Cytopathic effects (structural changes)

d. Transforming infection (cell turns into cancer cell)

Question 24

Oncoviruses

Answer 24

Oncoviruses cause cancer by:
-Insertional (integrates with host DNA)
-Oncogene express (rapid proliferation)
-Chronic inflamation (long term DNA damage)
-Immune evasion

Question 25

teichoic acids are present in the cell walls of what?

Answer 25

gram-positive

they make up 50% of the dry weight and regulate the shape of the cell