Chapter 3’

Question 1

Endosymbiosis

Answer 1

scientific theory that free-living prokaryotic engulfed other free-living prokaryotic cells billions of years ago, forming eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 2

Chloroplast

Answer 2

organelle in plant and algal cells that is the site of photosynthesis

Question 3

Cytoskeleton

Answer 3

network of protein fibers in eukaryotic cells that provides structure and facilitates cell movement

Question 4

Lysosome

Answer 4

organelle eukaryotic cells that is filled with enzymes that can degrade worn-out cellular structures

Question 5

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 5

an organelle made up of stacked membrane-enclosed discs that package proteins and prepares them for transport

Question 6

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 6

a network of membranes in eukaryotic cells where proteins and lipids are synthesized

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

membrane-bound organelles responsible for important energy-conversion reactions in eukaryotes

Question 8

Nuclear Envelopes

Answer 8

the double membranes surrounding the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Question 9

Glucose

Answer 9

cells energy source

Question 10

Active Transport

Answer 10

process by which solutes are pumped from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the help of transport proteins - requires an input of energy

Question 11

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 11

process by which large hydrophilic, or charged solutes move across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of transport proteins - no input energy

Question 12

Transport Proteins

Answer 12

proteins involved in the movement of molecules and ions across the cell membrane

Question 13

Simple Diffusion

Answer 13

movement of small, uncharged solutes across a membrane from an area of higher concentration without the aid of transport proteins - does not require energy

Question 14

Streptomycin

Answer 14

was the first effective treatment for tuberculosis

Question 15

Gram - Negative

Answer 15

bacteria with a cell that includes a thin later of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer lipid membrane tat does not retain the gram strain - does not retain dye

Question 16

Gram - Positive

Answer 16

bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thick layer of the peptidoglycan that retains the gram strain - retains dye

Question 17

Contractile Vacoule

Answer 17

in eukaryotic cells, acts like a water pump, continually pumping excess water out of the cell

Question 18

Peptidoglycan

Answer 18

polymer made of sugars and amino acids that link to form a chain like sheath around the cell

Question 19

Isotonic

Answer 19

solution surrounding a cell that has the same solute concentration as the cells cytoplasm

Question 20

Hypertonic

Answer 20

solution surrounding a cell that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cells cytoplasm

Question 21

Hypotonic

Answer 21

a solution surrounding a cell that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cells cytoplasm

Question 22

Osmosis

Answer 22

diffusion of water across a membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Question 23

Cell Wall

Answer 23

a rigid structure present in some cells that encloses the cell membrane and helps the membrane maintain its integrity

Question 24

Nucleus

Answer 24

the organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material

Question 25

Ribosome

Answer 25

a complex of RNA and proteins that carries out protein synthesis in all cells

Question 26

Cytoplasm

Answer 26

the gelatinous, aqueous interior of all cells

Question 27

Organelles

Answer 27

membrane-bound compartments of the eukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions

Question 28

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 28

cells that contain membrane-bound organelles including a central nucleus - larger

Question 29

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 29

cells that lack membrane-bound organelles - smaller

Question 30

Cell Theory

Answer 30

concept that all living organisms are made of cells and that cells are formed by division of existing cells

Question 31

Antibiotic

Answer 31

chemical that can slow or stop the growth of bacteria; many are produced by living organisms