Chapter 3’ Flashcards
Endosymbiosis
scientific theory that free-living prokaryotic engulfed other free-living prokaryotic cells billions of years ago, forming eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
Chloroplast
organelle in plant and algal cells that is the site of photosynthesis
Cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers in eukaryotic cells that provides structure and facilitates cell movement
Lysosome
organelle eukaryotic cells that is filled with enzymes that can degrade worn-out cellular structures
Golgi Apparatus
an organelle made up of stacked membrane-enclosed discs that package proteins and prepares them for transport
Endoplasmic Reticulum
a network of membranes in eukaryotic cells where proteins and lipids are synthesized
Mitochondria
membrane-bound organelles responsible for important energy-conversion reactions in eukaryotes
Nuclear Envelopes
the double membranes surrounding the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
Glucose
cells energy source
Active Transport
process by which solutes are pumped from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the help of transport proteins - requires an input of energy
Facilitated Diffusion
process by which large hydrophilic, or charged solutes move across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of transport proteins - no input energy
Transport Proteins
proteins involved in the movement of molecules and ions across the cell membrane
Simple Diffusion
movement of small, uncharged solutes across a membrane from an area of higher concentration without the aid of transport proteins - does not require energy
Streptomycin
was the first effective treatment for tuberculosis
Gram - Negative
bacteria with a cell that includes a thin later of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer lipid membrane tat does not retain the gram strain - does not retain dye
Gram - Positive
bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thick layer of the peptidoglycan that retains the gram strain - retains dye
Contractile Vacoule
in eukaryotic cells, acts like a water pump, continually pumping excess water out of the cell
Peptidoglycan
polymer made of sugars and amino acids that link to form a chain like sheath around the cell
Isotonic
solution surrounding a cell that has the same solute concentration as the cells cytoplasm
Hypertonic
solution surrounding a cell that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cells cytoplasm
Hypotonic
a solution surrounding a cell that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cells cytoplasm
Osmosis
diffusion of water across a membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
Cell Wall
a rigid structure present in some cells that encloses the cell membrane and helps the membrane maintain its integrity
Nucleus
the organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material
Ribosome
a complex of RNA and proteins that carries out protein synthesis in all cells
Cytoplasm
the gelatinous, aqueous interior of all cells
Organelles
membrane-bound compartments of the eukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions
Eukaryotic Cells
cells that contain membrane-bound organelles including a central nucleus - larger
Prokaryotic Cells
cells that lack membrane-bound organelles - smaller
Cell Theory
concept that all living organisms are made of cells and that cells are formed by division of existing cells
Antibiotic
chemical that can slow or stop the growth of bacteria; many are produced by living organisms
