chapter 3

Question 1

warsaw pact

Answer 1

1955

• ussr, albania, poland, romania, hungary, east germany, czechoslovakia and bulgaria
• countered nato
• countries would support each other if attacked

Question 2

the atomic bomb

Answer 2

first us atomic bomb in 1945, first soviet atomic bomb in 1949

• h-bomb built in the us, and the soviets had one by 1953
• 1 march 1954 - biggest ever hydrogen bomb tested in the us
• nations continued to build bigger/more dangerous bombs in order to threaten each other

Question 3

sputnik

Answer 3

1957, soviets launched the satellite sputnik

• usa saw this as a threat
• by 1959 the us had increased missile spending by 20%
• placed missile bases in european countries
• increased number of b-52 bombers

Question 4

hungary after ww2

Answer 4

provisional government set up after the war and paid the ussr $300m in reparations

• communist party only secured 17% of votes and refused to let smallholders take power in nov 1946
• coalition government set up
• laszlo rajk (communist) was in charge of the security police

Question 5

impact of soviet control

Answer 5

• political leaders fled in feb 1947 due to soviet pressure
• communist party was the largest in hungary
• rakosi (a communist) took power

Question 6

rule of rakosi

Answer 6

• used terror
• killed around 2k people and imprisoned 200k
• religious teaching removed, head of church imprisoned in 1949
• economy controlled by comecon so marshall aid wasn’t receivable
• forced to trade with ussr
• failed 5 year plan caused agricultural decline in 1952
• stalin died and malenkov replaced rakosi with nagy

Question 7

features of the hungarian uprising

Answer 7

• demonstrations began in oct 1956 and khrushchev sent troops/tanks to budapest
• 12 killed on 25 october and 100< wounded
• gero forced to resign, kadar took over but nagy was reinstated the next day

Question 8

demands of nagy + the rebels

Answer 8

• tanks would be withdrawn
• hungarians thought usa would provide support but eisenhower didn’t want to get involved due to an upcoming election
• nagy released political prisoners on oct 30
• announced that he intended to withdraw from the warsaw pact
• coalition government announced on 3 nov

Question 9

khrushchevs response

Answer 9

• mao zedong told him to stand firm
• 4 nov, 200k troops + 6k tanks returned to hungary
• occurred at the same time as the suez crisis, western powers were too preoccupied to intervene

Question 10

reasons for the soviet invasion

Answer 10

us presidential elections

• pressure from china
• khrushchev needed to stand firm
• damage to warsaw pact
• fear of loss of control in eastern europe
• usa/un involved in the suez crisis
• set example to rest of eastern europe

Question 11

events of the invasion

Answer 11

• soviets quickly captured airports, bridges and key bridge junctions
• hungarians fought using guerilla tactics
• ceasefire agreed for 10 november
• janos kadar became new leader of hungary
• promised nagy safe passage out of the country but arrested him and had him hung in romania in 1958
• 7k hungarian troops killed, 200k fled the country

Question 12

international reactions

Answer 12

• west did not intervene, hungary was too far away + suez crisis
• un convened a special inquiry but ussr and hungary refused to participate
• americans sympathised with the hungarians
• soviets sent out a warning to the rest of eastern europe