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Biology 235 > CHAPTER 28 - The Reproductive System(MALE) > Flashcards

CHAPTER 28 - The Reproductive System(MALE) Flashcards

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1
Q

gonads

A

testes in males and ovaries in females, produce gametes and secrete sex hormones.

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2
Q

What do accessory sex glands do

A

o produce substances that protect the gametes and facilitate their movement.

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3
Q

male reproductive system

A

o include the testes, a system of ducts (including the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra), accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands), and several supporting structures, including the scrotum and the penis

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4
Q

scrotum

A

the supporting structure for the testes, consists of loose skin and underlying subcutaneous layer that hangs from the root (attached portion) of the penis

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5
Q

raphe

A

a median ridge that separates the scrotum skin

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6
Q

scrotal septum

A

divides the scrotum into two sacs, each containing a single testis

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7
Q

dartos muscle

A

muscle tissuethat the septum is made up of along with the subcutaneous layer

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8
Q

cremaster muscle

A

o a series of small bands of skeletal muscle that descend as an extension of the internal oblique muscle through the spermatic cord to surround the testes.

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9
Q

testicle or testis (plural is testes

A

o are paired oval glands in the scrotum measuring about 5 cm (2 in.) long and 2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter. Each testis (singular) has a mass of 10–15 grams

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10
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

o : A serous membrane which is derived from the peritoneum and forms during the descent of the testes, partially covers the testes

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11
Q

tunica albuginea

A

o a white fibrous capsule composed of dense irregular connective tissueInternal to the tunica vaginalis; it extends inward, forming septa that divide the testis into a series of internal compartments called lobules.

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12
Q

lobules

A

o :a series of internal compartments

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13
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

o one to three tightly coiled tubules where sperm are produced.

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14
Q

spermatogenesis

A

The process of producing sperm

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15
Q

spermatogenic cells

A

: the sperm-forming cells

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16
Q

spermatogonium (plural is spermatogonia)

A

o Stem cells - that when they undergo mitosis either remain near the basement membrane or lose contact with it, squeeze thru junctions of blood-testis barrier, undergo developmental changes and become primary spermatocytes

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17
Q

spermatozoon (plural is spermatozoa)

A

A sperm cell just produced

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18
Q

Sertoli cells or sustentacular cells

A

o Cells embedded among the spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules whichextend from the basement membrane to the lumen of the tubule.

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19
Q

blood-testis barrier

A

o A junction formed by theInternal to the basement membrane and spermatogonia, tight junctions join neighboring Sertoli cells to one another. It isolates the developing gametes from the blood, the blood–testis barrier prevents an immune response against the spermatogenic cell’s surface antigens, which are recognized as“foreign” by the immune system. The blood–testis barrier does not include spermatogonia.

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20
Q

Leydig cells or interstitial cells

A

o clusters of cells located in the spaces between adjacentseminiferous tubules.These cells secrete testosterone, the most prevalent androgen.

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21
Q

androgen

A

o a hormone that promotes the development of masculine characteristics

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22
Q

testosterone

A

also promotes a man’s libido (sexual drive)

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23
Q

spermatogenesis

A

development of spern

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24
Q

primary spermatocytes

A

o when spermatogonia undergo developmental changes and differentiate into these cells. They are diploids (2n); that is, that have 46 chromosomes.

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25
Q

secondary spermatocytes

A

The two cells formed by meiosis I - they are haploid (n) and have 23 chromosomes (each one made up of two chromatids) - no replication of DNA occurs in 2ndary spermatocytes

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26
Q

spermatids

A

The four haploid cells resulting from meiosis II

27
Q

spermiogenesis

A

the development of haploid spermatids into sperm

28
Q

sperm cell or spermatozoon

A

o a spermatid becomes a spem cell. It is about 60 um long and contains several structures that are highly adapted for reaching and penetrating a secondary oocyte.

29
Q

head

A

major part of the sperm cell. it is about 4-5 um long. It contains the nucleus with 23 highly condensed chromosomes

30
Q

acrosome

A

o A caplike vesicle filled with enzymes that help a sperm to penetrate a secondary oocyte to bring about fertilization. Among the enzymes are hyaluronidase and proteases

31
Q

tail

A

o another major part of a sperm cell. it is subdivided into four parts; the neck, middle piece, principal piece and end piece.

32
Q

middle piece

A

part of the tail which contains mitochondria arranged in a spiral, which provide the energy (ATP) for locomotion of sperm to the site of fertilization and for the sperm metabolism.

33
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

o The hormone that stimulates gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to increase their secretion of the two gonadotropins LH and FSH.

34
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone

35
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

o Acts indirectly to stimulate spermatogenesis.
♣ along with testosterone, they act synergistically on the Sertoli cells to stimulate secretion on ABP into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and into the interstitial fluid around the spermatogenic cells.

36
Q

testosterone

A

A steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol int he testes and is the principal androgen. It;s lipid soluble and readily diffuses out of Leydig cells into the interstitial fluid and then into the blood.

37
Q

♣ under negative feedback, testosterone suppresses secretion of __ by anterior pituitary gonadotrophs and supresses secretion of ____ by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells.

A

LH, GnRH

38
Q

androgen-binding protein (ABP)

A

o binds to testosterone, keeping its concentration high.

39
Q

inhibin

A

o a protein hormone that inhibits FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary.
reproductive system ducts

40
Q

straight tubules

A

o The first duct. they are very short ducts that lead into the rete testis

41
Q

rete testis

A

o a network of ducts in the testis that pushes sperm to the efferent ducts

42
Q

efferent ducts

A

a series of coiled ducts in the epididymis that empty into a the dustuc epididymis

43
Q

ductus epididymis

A

a comma shaped organ about 4 cm long that lies along the posterior border of each testis.

44
Q

sperm maturation

A

o the process by which sperm acquire motility and the ability to fertilize an ovum.(occurs over a period of 14 days)

45
Q

ductus deferens or vas deferens

A

o : 45 cm long. The ductus epididymis becomes less convoluted and its diameter increased where it becomes the ductus deferens
♣ it ascends along the posterior border of the epididymis through the spermatic cord and then enters the pelvic cavity.

46
Q

spermatic cord

A

is a supporting structure of the male reproductive system that ascends out of the scrotum.
♣ consists of the ductus deferensm the testicular artery, veins, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels and the cremaster muscle.

47
Q

ejaculatory ducts

A

o are about 2 cm long and are formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens

48
Q

urethra

A

o : is the shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems; it serves as a passageway for both semen and urine.
♣ passes through the prostate, deep muscles of the perineum and the penis and is subdivided into 3 parts.

49
Q

The urethra is subdivided into what 3 parts?

A

♣ prostatic urethra: is 2-3cm long and passes through the prostate.
♣ membranous urethra: is about 1 cm long. the prostatic urethra passes through the deep muscles of the perineum where it becomes the membranous urethra.
♣ spongy urethra or penile urethra: It is about 15-20 cm long. the membranous urethra becomes the spongy urethra as it passes through the corpus spongiosum of the penis

50
Q

external urethral orifice

A

o The spongy urethra ends at the external urethral orifice.

51
Q

accessory sex glands

A

o : secrete most of the liquid portion of semen.

♣ they include the seminal vesicles, the prostate and the bulbourethral glands.

52
Q

seminal vesicles

A

convoluted pouchlike structures about 5 cm long lying posterior to the base of hte urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum.

53
Q

prostate

A

o is a single doughnut shaped gland about hte size of a golf ball.
♣ It’s about 4 cm in width, 3 cm in height and 2 cm in length.
♣ inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the proratic urethra.
♣ secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains citric acid, several proteolytic enzymes and seminalplasmin

54
Q

bulbourethral glands or Cowper’s glands

A

o located inferior to hte prostate on either side of the menbranous urethra within the deep muscles of the perineum and their ducts open into the spongy urethra.

55
Q

semen:

A

a mixture of sperm and seminal fluid

56
Q

seminal fluid

A

a liquid that consists of the secretions of the seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.

57
Q

corpora cavernosa penis

A

o . The two dorsolateral masses that compose the body of the penis.

58
Q

corpus spongiosum penis

A

o The smaller midventral mass that contains the spongy urethra and keeps it open during ejaculation.

59
Q

erectile tissue

A

o composed of numerous blood sinuses (vascular spaces) lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue

60
Q

glans penis

A

o The distal end of the corpus spongiosum penis is a slightly enlarged, acorn-shaped region

61
Q

external urethral orifice

A

a terminal slitlike opening that forms from where the distal urethra enlarges within the glans penis

62
Q

prepuce or foreskin

A

covers the glans in an uncircumcised penis

63
Q

emission

A

o the discharge of a small volume of semen before ejaculation.

Biology 235 (14 decks)

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