CHAPTER 28 - The Reproductive System(BC, disorders, medical terminology)

Question 1

vasectomy

Answer 1

:a portion of each ductus deferens is removed

Question 2

tubal ligation

Answer 2

♣ both uterine tubes are tied closed and then cut.

Question 3

oral contraceptives

Answer 3

contain hormones designed to pre- vent pregnancy. Some, called combined oral contraceptives (COCs), contain both progestin (hormone with actions similar to progesterone) and estrogens. The primary action of COCs is to in- hibit ovulation by suppressing the gonadotropins FSH and LH.

Question 4

intrauterine device (IUD

Answer 4

a small object made of plastic, copper, or stainless steel that is inserted by a health-care profes- sional into the cavity of the uterus.

Question 5

spermicides

Answer 5

♣ Various foams, creams, jellies, suppositories, and douches that con- tain sperm-killing agents, or spermicides, make the vagina and cervix unfavorable for sperm survival and are avail- able without prescription.

Question 6

diaphragm

Answer 6

♣ a rubber, dome-shaped structure that fits over the cervix and is used in conjunction with a spermicide.

Question 7

rhythm method

Answer 7

♣ involves abstaining from sexual activity on the days that ovulation is likely to occur in each reproductive cycle. During this time (3 days before ovulation, the day of ovulation, and 3 days after ovulation) the couple abstains from intercourse.

Question 8

testicular cancer

Answer 8

♣ the most common cancer in males between the ages of 20 and 35. More than 95% of testicular cancers arise from spermatogenic cells within the seminiferous tubules. An early sign of testicular cancer is a mass in the testis, often associated with a sensation of testicular heaviness or a dull ache in the lower abdomen; pain usually does not occur.

Question 9

prostate disorders

Answer 9

♣ the leading cause of death from cancer in men in the United States, having surpassed lung cancer in 1991. Each year it is diagnosed in almost 200,000 U.S. men and causes nearly 40,000 deaths. The amount of PSA (prostate-specific antigen), which is produced only by prostate epithelial cells, increases with enlargement of the prostate and may indicate infection, benign enlargement, or prostate cancer. A blood test can measure the level of PSA in the blood. Males over the age of 40 should have an annual examination of the prostate gland. In a digital rectal exam, a physician palpates the gland through the rectum with the fingers (digits). Many physi- cians also recommend an annual PSA test for males over age 50. Treatment for prostate cancer may involve surgery, cryotherapy, radiation, hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy. Because many prostate cancers grow very slowly, some urologists recommend “watchful waiting” before treating small tumors in men over age 70.

Question 10

endometriosis

Answer 10

♣ is characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. The tissue enters the pelvic cavity via the open uterine tubes and may be found in any of several sites—on the ovaries, the rectouterine pouch, the outer surface of the uterus, the sigmoid colon, pelvic and abdominal lymph nodes, the cervix, the abdominal wall, the kidneys, and the urinary bladder.

Question 11

how many women get breast cancer

Answer 11

♣ One in eight women in the United States faces the prospect of breast cancer.

Question 12

ovarian cancer

Answer 12

♣ the sixth most common form of cancer in females, it is the leading cause of death from all gynecological malignancies (excluding breast cancer) because it is difficult to detect before it metastasizes (spreads) beyond the ovaries.

Question 13

cervical cancer

Answer 13

carcinoma of the cervix of the uterus, starts with cervical dysplasia, a change in the shape, growth, and number of cervical cells. The cells may either return to normal or progress to cancer.

Question 14

vulvovaginal candidiasis

Answer 14

: the most common form of vaginitis, inflammation of the vagina. Candidiasis is characterized by severe itching; a thick, yellow, cheesy discharge; a yeasty odor; and pain

Question 15

chlamydia

Answer 15

♣ sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. This unusual bacterium cannot reproduce outside body cells; it “cloaks” itself in- side cells, where it divides.In most cases, the initial infection is asymptomatic and thus difficult to recognize clinically. In males, urethritis is the principal result, causing a clear discharge, burning on urination, frequent urination, and painful urination.

Question 16

gonorrhea

Answer 16

♣ caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Discharges from infected mucous membranes are the source of transmission of the bacteria either during sexual contact or during the passage of a newborn through the birth canal. The infec- tion site can be in the mouth and throat after oral–genital contact, in the vagina and penis after genital intercourse, or in the rectum after recto–genital contact.

Question 17

syphilis

Answer 17

caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, is transmitted through sexual contact or exchange of blood, or through the placenta to a fetus. The disease progresses through several stages.

Question 18

genital herpes

Answer 18

is an incurable STD. Type II herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) causes genital infections, producing painful blisters on the prepuce, glans penis, and penile shaft in males and on the vulva or sometimes high up in the vagina in females. The blisters disappear and reappear in most patients, but the virus itself remains in the body

Question 19

endocervical curettage

Answer 19

♣ A procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium of the uterus is scraped with a spoon shaped instrument called a currette; commonly called a D and C (dilation and curretage)

Question 20

ovarian cyst

Answer 20

The most common form of ovarian tumor, in which a fluid-filled follicle or corpus luteum persists and continues growing.

Question 21

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID):

Answer 21

♣ A collective term for any extensive bacterial infection of the pelvic organs, especially the uterus, uterine tubes, or ovaries, which is characterized by pelvic soreness, lower back pain, abdominal pain, and urethritis. Often the early symptoms of PID occur just after menstruation. As infection spreads, fever may
develop, along with painful abscesses of the reproductive organs.

Question 22

smegma

Answer 22

The secretion, consisting principally of desqua-

mated epithelial cells, found chiefly around the external genitals and especially under the foreskin of the male