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Biology 235 > Chapter 1 : An Introduction to the human body > Flashcards

Chapter 1 : An Introduction to the human body Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

the science of body structures and the relationships among them.

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2
Q

What is Physiology?

A

the science of body functions—how the body parts work.

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3
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organization in the human body?

A

the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal levels of organization

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4
Q

What is the chemical level? (atoms and molecules)

A

very basic level , includes atoms (smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions), and molecules (two or more atoms joined together)

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5
Q

Which atoms are essential for maintaiing life?

A

carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitro- gen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S)

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6
Q

What is the Cellular level? - define cells

A

Molecules combine to form cells = the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are com- posed of chemicals

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the human body?

A

muscle cells, nerve cells, and epithelial cells.

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8
Q

What is the tissue level?

A

groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

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9
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissues in your body?

A

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue

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10
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

covers body surfaces, lines hol- low organs and cavities, and forms glands

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11
Q

What is connective tissue

A

connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues

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12
Q

What is muscular tissue

A

contracts to make body parts move and generates heat.

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13
Q

What is nervous tissue

A

carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses

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14
Q

What happens at the Organ level? - define organ

A

different types of tissues are joined together, organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes

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15
Q

What is the System Level?

A

related organs with a common function

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16
Q

What is the organismal Level?

A

any living individual, All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism.

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17
Q

What are the 11 systems of the human body?

A

1) INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM , 2) SKELETAL SYSTEM, 3) MUSCULAR SYSTEM, 4) NERVOUS SYSTEM, 5) ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 6) CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, 7) LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY, 8) RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, 9)DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 10) URINARY SYSTEM 11) REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

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18
Q

In the INTEGUMENTARY system What are the organs present and their general function?

A

Parts: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
Functions: Protects body, regulate temp, eliminate some wastes, make vitamin D, detects touch, pain, warmth and cold

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19
Q

In the SKELETAL system What are the organs present and their general function?

A

Components: Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.

Functions: Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).

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20
Q

In the MUSCULAR system What are the organs present and their general function?

A

Components: Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue—muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac). Functions: Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat.

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21
Q

In the NERVOUS system What are the organs present and their general function?

A

Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears. Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

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22
Q

In the ENDOCRINE system What are the organs present and their general function?

A

Components: Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs. Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ).

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23
Q

In the CARDIOVASCULAR system What are the organs present and their general function?

A

Components: Blood, heart, and blood vessels. Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.

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24
Q

In the LYMPHATIC system What are the organs present and their general function?

A

Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others). Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.

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25
Q

In the RESPIRATORY system What are the organs present and their general function?

A

Components: Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs.

Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids; air through vocal cords produces sound

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26
Q

In the DIGESTIVE system What are the organs present and their general function?

A

Components: Organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Functions: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes

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27
Q

In the URINARY system What are the organs present and their general function?

A

Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.

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28
Q

In the REPRODUCTIVE system What are the organs present and their general function?

A

Components: Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males).

Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk

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29
Q

What are the 6 most important life processes of the human body?

A
  1. metabolism 2. Responsiveness 3. movement 4. growth 5. differentiation 6. reproduction
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30
Q

What is metabolism? what are the 2 phases of metabolism? give examples of each

A

the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. 1) catabolism - breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components. ex. digestive processes catabolize proteins into amino acid 2) Anabolism - building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components ex. amino acids are used to anabolize new proteins

31
Q

What is responsiveness? How do nerve and muscle cells respond to environmental changes

A

body’s ability to detect and respond to internal (fever) and external changes (squealing brakes) to prepare body for potential threat nerve cells: generate nerve impulses (action potentials Muscle cells: respond by contracting, which generates force to move body parts.

32
Q

what is movement (one of 6 life processes)

A

includes motion of the whole body (muscles move your leg) , individual organs (galbladder realsing bile to digest food) , single cells (white blood cells repair body tissue), and even tiny structures inside cells (secretory vessels).

33
Q

What is Growth (one of 6 life processes) - whats one reason tissue might grow?

A

an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. > tissue sometimes increases in size be- cause the amount of material between cells increases

34
Q

What is differentiation? (one of 6 life processes) give example

A

the development of a cell from an unspecialized stem cells to a specialized state. ex. through differentiation an embryo grows into a featus

35
Q

what is reproduction (one of 6 life processes) - refers to 2 things

A

refers either to (1) the for- mation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual.

36
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes

37
Q

What does disruption to homeostasis cause?

A

set in motion corrective cycles, called feedback systems, that help restore the conditions needed for health and life.

38
Q

how does the nervous system regulate homeostasis?

A

by sending electrical signals known as nerve impulses (action potentials) to organs that can counteract changes from the balanced state. (rapid change)

39
Q

how does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis?

A

glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the blood - work more slowly than impulses (slower change)

40
Q

What is a feedback system?

A

a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on - Each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition. Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a stimulus

41
Q

What 3 basic components does a feedback system require?

A

a receptor, a control center, and an effector

42
Q

What is a receptor? What type of pathway is this?example?

A

a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center - afferent pathway - b/c information flows toward the control center -ex. verve endings in skin

43
Q

What is a control centre? what type of pathway is this? example?

A

sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluates the input it receives from re- ceptors, and generates output commands when they are needed. - efferent pathway b/c info flows away from it -ex. the brain

44
Q

What is an Effector? What organs can act as an effector? example?

A

a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition -Nearly every organ or tissue in the body - skeletal muscles shiver to generate heat

45
Q

What is the result of stopping any on of these life processes?

A

death of cells and tissues, which may lead to death of the organism.

46
Q

What happens when your body temperature drops sharply (control centre, receptor, effector)

A

your brain (control center) sends nerve impulsesoutput) to your skeletal muscles (effectors). The result is shiver- ing, which generates heat and raises your body temperature.

47
Q

A group of _______ and ______ communicating with their control center forms a feedback system that can regulate a con- trolled condition in the body’s internal environment.

A

Receptors and effectors

48
Q

What is a Negative feedback system give example

A

reverses a change in a controlled condition. ex. the regula- tion of blood pressure - blood vessels dilate (widen), which cause BP to decrease (response) - ie. it negates the original stimulus (an increase in BP

49
Q

What is a positive feedback system? give example

A

strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. - control center still provides commands to an effector, but this time the effector pro- duces a physiological response that adds to or reinforces the initial change in the controlled condition. ex. childbirth ex 2. extreme blood loss (pumping action of heart decreases)

50
Q

when are positive feedback systems typically used vs. when negative ones are used? when do they each stop?

A

Positive = re enforce conditions that do not happen very often - continually reenforce and can cause life threatening situations (most have some mechanism that terminate the system - ie. baby being born) Negative = regulate conditions in the body that remain fairly stable over long periods. - stops when it returns to controlled condition

51
Q

what is homeostatic imbalance? what can it cause if moderate or severe

A

if one or more com- ponents of the body lose their ability to contribute to homeostasis, however, the normal balance among all of the body’s processes may be disturbed > if homeostatic imbalance is moderate, a dis- order or disease may occur; if it is severe, death may result.

52
Q

define disorder and disease (2 types of disease)

A

disorder: any abnormality of structure or function
Disease: an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs
1) local disease affects one part or a limited region of the body (ex. sinus infection)
2) systemic disease affects either the entire body or several parts of it (for example, influenza)

53
Q

define sign and symptoms

A

sign: Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure - can either be anatomical or physiological
symptom: subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer

54
Q

science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community is known as …

A

epidemiology

55
Q

the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease is called…

A

Pharmacology

56
Q

define anatomical position

A

standard position of reference subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward, arms at sides, palms forward

57
Q

. If the body is lying face down, it is in the ______position. If the body is lying face up, it is in the _____ position.

A

Prone, supine

58
Q

what are the common names for the major parts of the human body?

A

Head (skull and face) Neck (supports head, attaches to trunk) trunk (chest abdomen and pelvis) Upper limb(shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, writ/hand) lower limb (butt, thigh, leg, ankle/foot groin (V where trunk attaches to thighs)

59
Q

Explain the following terms:

1) Superior (cephalic or cranial)
2) Inferior (caudal)
3) Anterior (ventral)
4) Posterior (dorsal)

A

1) Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure.
2) Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure.
3) Nearer to or at the front of the body.
4) Nearer to or at the back of the body.

60
Q

1)Medial 2) Lateral 3) Intermediate

A

1) Nearer to the midline.† 2) Farther from the midline. 3) Between two structures

61
Q

1) Ipsilateral 2) Contralateral 3) Proximal 4) Distal

A

1) On the same side of the body as another structure. 2) On the opposite side of the body from another structure. 3) Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure. 4) Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.

62
Q

1) superficial 2) deep

A

1) toward the surface 2) away from the surface

63
Q

define the 4 different planes

A

1) sagittal (vertical plane divideing into right and left) can be even (midsagittal) or uneven (parasagittal 2) Coronal plane: divdes body into anterior and posterior portions (front and back) 3) Transverse/horizontal plane: divdes into superior and inferior oblique plane: passes through body/organ at an oblique angle

64
Q

What is a section

A

a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes

65
Q

what are body cavities?

A

spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs.

66
Q

What is the cranial cavity?

A

Formed by cranial bones and contains brain.

67
Q

What is the vertebral (spinal) canal?

A

contains the spinal cord. The cranial cavity and vertebral canal are continuous with one another.

68
Q

What surrouns the brain adn spinal cord?

A

Three layers of protective tissue, the meninges and a shock-absorbing fluid

69
Q

What are the major body cavities of the trunk?

A

the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

70
Q

What is the thoracic cavity? what are the two cavities within it?

A

formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column. 1) pericardial cavity - fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart 2) pleural cavities around each lung

71
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The central part of the thoracic cavity - s between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm and contains all thoracic organs except the lungs t

72
Q

What is the diaphram?

A

dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

73
Q

What is the abdominopelvic cavity. what are the two portions?

A

extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis

1) Abdominal cavity: contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
2) pelvic cavity (inferior): contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and inter- nal organs of the reproductive system.

74
Q

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called what?

A

viscera

Biology 235 (14 decks)

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