Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 235 > CHAPTER 28 - The Reproductive System(FEMALE) > Flashcards

CHAPTER 28 - The Reproductive System(FEMALE) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

female reproductive system

A

include the ovaries (female gonads); the uterine (fallopian) tubes, or oviducts; the uterus; the vagina; and external organs, which are collectively called the vulva, or pudendum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ovaries

A

♣ which are the female gonads, are paired glands that resemble unshelled almonds in size and shape; they are homologous to the testes.
♣ produce (1) gametes, secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova (eggs) after fertilization, and (2) hormones, including progesterone and estrogens (the female sex hormones), inhibin, and relaxin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tunica albuginea

A

whitish capsule of dense irregular connective tissue located immediately deep to the germinal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ovarian follicles

A

are in the cortex and consist of oocytes in various stages of development,plus the cells surrounding them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

follicular cells

A

When the surrounding cells (around oocyte) form a single layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

granulosa cells

A

when thesurrounding cells (Around oocyte) form several layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mature follicle or Graafian follicle

A

is a large, fluid- filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expel its secondary oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ovulation

A

the process of expellingits secondary oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

corpus luteum

A

contains the remnants of a mature follicle after ovulation. The corpus luteum produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates intocorpus albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

corpus albicans

A

fibrous scar tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

oogenesis

A

The formation of gametes in the ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

oogonium (plural is oogonia)

A

♣ ): germ cells differentiate within the ovaries into these.
♣ they are diploid stem cells that divide mitotically to produce millions of germ cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

atresia

A

the process of germ cells degenerating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

primary oocytes

A

♣ germ cells that develop into larger cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

primordial follicles

A

♣ the entire structure during this arrested stage of development, each primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

primary follicles

A

♣ primordial follicles develop into primary follicles.

♣ consist of a primary oocyte that is surrounded in a later stage of development by several layers granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

granulosa cells

A

♣ cuboidal and low columnar cells.

♣ the outermost cells rest on a basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

zona pellucida

A

♣ a clear glycoprotein layer between the primary oocyte and the granulosa cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

corona radiata

A

♣ The innermost layer of granulosa cells becomes firmly attached to the zonapellucida and is now called the corona radiata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

secondary follicle

A

♣ the theca differentiates into two layers: (1) the theca interna, a highly vascularized internal layer of cuboidal secretory cells that secrete estrogens, and (2) the theca externa, an outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibers. In addition, the granulosa cells begin to secrete follicular fluid, which builds up in a cavity called the antrum in the center of the secondary follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

first polar body

A

♣ The smaller cell produced by meiosis I is essentially a packet of discarded nuclear material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

secondary oocyte:

A

♣ The larger cell that receives most of the cytoplasm. Once a secondary oocyte is formed, it begins meiosis II but then stops in metaphase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ovulation

A

♣ The process where the mature (graafian) follicle soon ruptures and releases its secondary oocyte,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ovum

A

♣ mature egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

second polar body

A

♣ The secondary oocyte splits into two haploid cells, again of unequal size. The larger cell is the ovum, or mature egg; the smaller one is the second polar body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

zygote

A

♣ The nuclei of the sperm cell and the ovum then unite, forming a diploid zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

uterine tubes or Fallopian tubes or oviducts

A

♣ Tubes that extend laterally from the uterus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

infundibulum

A

: a Funnel shaped portion of each tube. It is close to the ovary but is open to the pelvic cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

fimbriae

A

fingerlike projections at the end of the infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ampulla

A

♣ is the widest longest portion, making up about the lateral two-thirds of its length.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

isthmus

A

♣ is the more medial short, narrow, thick walled portion that joins the uterus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

fundus

A

A dome shaped portion of uterus superior to the uterine tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

body

A

a taperine central portion of the uterus

34
Q

cervix

A

an inferior narrow portion that opens into the vagina

35
Q

uterine cavity

A

the interior of the body of the uterus and the cervix

36
Q

cervical canal

A

♣ : the interior of the cervix

37
Q

anteflexion

A

♣ : a position where the body of the uterus projects anteriorly and superiorly over the urinary bladder

38
Q

perimetrium

A

♣ The outer layer of the uterus. Itis part of the visceral peritoneum; it is composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue. Laterally, it becomes the broad ligament.

39
Q

myometrium

A

♣ The middle layer of the uterus

consists of three layers of smooth muscle fibers that are thickest in the fundus and thinnest in the cervix

40
Q

endometrium

A

: The inner layer of the uterus, the endometrium, is highly vascularized

41
Q

♣ The endometrium is divided into what two layers.

A

♣ stratum functionalis: The stratum functionalis (functional layer) lines the uterine cavity and sloughs off during menstruation.
♣ stratum basalis: The deeper layer, the stratum basalis (basal layer), is permanent and gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation

42
Q

uterine arteries

A

♣ Branches of the internal iliac artery which supply blood to the uterus

43
Q

spiral arterioles

A

supply the stratum functionalis and change markedly during the menstrual cycle

44
Q

cervical mucus

A

The secretory cells of the mucosa of the cervix produce this secretion which is a mixture of water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts

  • Cervical mucus supplements the energy needs of sperm
  • also play a role in capacitation
45
Q

fornix

A

♣ : A recess called the fornix surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix

46
Q

vagina

A

is a tubular, 10-cm (4-in.) long fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membrane that extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix.

47
Q

muscularis

A

♣ composed of an outer circular layer and an inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle that can stretch considerably to accommodate the penis during sexual intercourse and a child during birth.

48
Q

hymen

A

♣ A thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane that forms a border around and partially closes the inferior end of the vaginal opening to the exterior, the vaginal orifice

49
Q

vaginal orifice

A

the exterior end of the vaginal opening.

50
Q

vulva or pudendum

A

refers to the external genitals of the female

51
Q

monspubis

A

♣ an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair that cushions the pubic symphysis anterior to the vaginal and urethral openings

52
Q

labia majora

A

♣ two longitudinal folds of skin that extend inferiorly and posteriorly.
♣ covered by pubic hair and contain an abundance of adipose tissue, sebaceous (oil) glands, and apocrine sudoriferous (sweat) glands.

53
Q

labia minora

A

♣ two smaller folds of skin medial to the labia majora.

♣ are devoid of pubic hair and fat and have few sudoriferous glands, but they do contain many sebaceous glands.

54
Q

clitoris

A

♣ a small cylindrical mass composed of two small erectile bodies, the corpora cavernosa, and numerous nerves and blood vessels. The clitoris is located at the anterior junction of the labia minora.

55
Q

prepuce

A

♣ formed at the point where the labia minora unite and covers the body of the cli- toris.

56
Q

greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

A

♣ Located on either side of the vaginal orifice itself. They open by ducts into a groove between the hymen and labia minora. They produce a small quantity ofmucus during sexual arousal and intercourse that adds to cervical mucus and provides lubrication.

57
Q

bulb of the vestibule

A

♣ consists of two elongated masses of erectile tissue just deep to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice.
♣ becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal, narrowing the vaginal orifice and placing pressure on the penis during intercourse.

58
Q

perineum

A

♣ is the diamond-shaped area medial to the thighs and buttocks of both males and females. It contains the external genitals and anus.

59
Q

mammary glands

A

♣ a modified sudoriferous (sweat) gland that produces milk.

♣ consists of 15 to 20 lobes, or compartments, separated by a variable amount of adipose tissue.

60
Q

breast

A

a hemispheric projection of variable size anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles and attached to them by a layer of fascia

61
Q

In the nipple - lactiferous ducts

A

♣ series of closely spaced openings of ductswhere milk emerges

62
Q

In the nipple -areola

A

♣ : The circular pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple

63
Q

lobules of mammary gland:

A

♣ are several smaller compartments in each lobe of the mammary glands composed of alveoli

64
Q

alveoli in mammary gland

A

grapelike clusters of milk-secreting glandsembedded in connective tissue

65
Q

myoepithelial cells in mammary glands

A

♣ surrounding the alveoli helps propel milk toward the nipples.

66
Q

secondary tubules in mammary glands

A

♣ When milk is being produced, it passes from the alveoli into a series of these secondary tubules

67
Q

mammary ducts

A

♣ milk then passes from the secondary tubules to the mammary ducts

68
Q

lactiferous sinuses

A

♣ : sinuses that form from expandedmammary ducts near the nipple

69
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

♣ secreted by the hy- pothalamus controls the ovarian and uterine cycles.
♣ stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.

70
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH

A

initiates follicular growth. In addition, both FSH and LH stimulate the ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens.

71
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH):

A

♣ stimulates further development of the ovarian follicles.
♣ stimulates the theca cells of a developing follicle to produce androgens.
- triggers ovulation

72
Q

progesterone

A

♣ secreted mainly by cells of the corpus luteum, cooperates with estrogens to prepare and maintain the en- dometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum and to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion. High levels of progesterone also inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH.

73
Q

estrogens

A

♣ only three are present in significant quantities: beta (􏰒)-estradiol, estrone, and estriol
♣ promote the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics, and the breasts.
♣ increase protein anabolism, including the building of strong bones.
♣ lower blood cholesterol level
♣ Moderate levels of estrogens in the blood inhibit both the re- lease of GnRH by the hypothalamus and secretion of LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary.

74
Q

relaxin

A

♣ produced by the corpus luteum during each monthly cycle relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium.
During pregnancy, the placenta produces much more relaxin, and it con- tinues to relax uterine smooth muscle

75
Q

inhibin

A

♣ is secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and by the corpus luteum after ovulation. It inhibits secretion of FSH and, to a lesser extent, LH

76
Q

What are the 4 stages of the female reproductive (name them)

A

1) The menstrual phase (days 1-5) -
2) Preovulatory phase (days 6-13)
3) Ovulation (on day 14)
4) Postovulatory phase (days 15-28) - time between ovulation and onset of the next menses.

77
Q

Explain how ovulation occurs (3 steps)

A

the rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity

1) high concentration of estrogen stimulates release of GnRH from hypothalamus and stimulates gonadotrophs to release LH
2) GnRH promotes release of FSH and addition LH by anterior pituitary
3) LH causes rupture of mature follicle and expulsion of 2ndary oocyte which is swept into the uterine tube

78
Q

luteal phase

A

The phase wherethe corpus luteum secretes progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin whenstimulated by LH. The luteal cells also absorb the blood clot.

79
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

♣ This hormone is produced by the chorion of the embryo beginning about 8 days after fertilization. Like LH, hCG stimulates the secretory activity of the corpus luteum.

80
Q

(Events in the uterus)

secretory phase:

A

♣ : Progesterone and estrogens produced by the corpus luteum promote growth and coiling of the endometrial glands, vascularization of the superficial endometrium, and thickening of the endometrium to 12–18 mm. Because of the secretory activity of the endometrial glands, which begin to secrete glycogen, this period is called the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.

Biology 235 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions