CHAPTER 28 - The Reproductive System(FEMALE)

Question 1

female reproductive system

Answer 1

include the ovaries (female gonads); the uterine (fallopian) tubes, or oviducts; the uterus; the vagina; and external organs, which are collectively called the vulva, or pudendum.

Question 2

ovaries

Answer 2

♣ which are the female gonads, are paired glands that resemble unshelled almonds in size and shape; they are homologous to the testes.
♣ produce (1) gametes, secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova (eggs) after fertilization, and (2) hormones, including progesterone and estrogens (the female sex hormones), inhibin, and relaxin.

Question 3

tunica albuginea

Answer 3

whitish capsule of dense irregular connective tissue located immediately deep to the germinal epithelium

Question 4

ovarian follicles

Answer 4

are in the cortex and consist of oocytes in various stages of development,plus the cells surrounding them.

Question 5

follicular cells

Answer 5

When the surrounding cells (around oocyte) form a single layer

Question 6

granulosa cells

Answer 6

when thesurrounding cells (Around oocyte) form several layers

Question 7

mature follicle or Graafian follicle

Answer 7

is a large, fluid- filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expel its secondary oocyte

Question 8

ovulation

Answer 8

the process of expellingits secondary oocyte

Question 9

corpus luteum

Answer 9

contains the remnants of a mature follicle after ovulation. The corpus luteum produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates intocorpus albicans

Question 10

corpus albicans

Answer 10

fibrous scar tissue

Question 11

oogenesis

Answer 11

The formation of gametes in the ovaries

Question 12

oogonium (plural is oogonia)

Answer 12

♣ ): germ cells differentiate within the ovaries into these.
♣ they are diploid stem cells that divide mitotically to produce millions of germ cells.

Question 13

atresia

Answer 13

the process of germ cells degenerating

Question 14

primary oocytes

Answer 14

♣ germ cells that develop into larger cells

Question 15

primordial follicles

Answer 15

♣ the entire structure during this arrested stage of development, each primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells.

Question 16

primary follicles

Answer 16

♣ primordial follicles develop into primary follicles.

♣ consist of a primary oocyte that is surrounded in a later stage of development by several layers granulosa cells

Question 17

granulosa cells

Answer 17

♣ cuboidal and low columnar cells.

♣ the outermost cells rest on a basement membrane

Question 18

zona pellucida

Answer 18

♣ a clear glycoprotein layer between the primary oocyte and the granulosa cells.

Question 19

corona radiata

Answer 19

♣ The innermost layer of granulosa cells becomes firmly attached to the zonapellucida and is now called the corona radiata

Question 20

secondary follicle

Answer 20

♣ the theca differentiates into two layers: (1) the theca interna, a highly vascularized internal layer of cuboidal secretory cells that secrete estrogens, and (2) the theca externa, an outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibers. In addition, the granulosa cells begin to secrete follicular fluid, which builds up in a cavity called the antrum in the center of the secondary follicle

Question 21

first polar body

Answer 21

♣ The smaller cell produced by meiosis I is essentially a packet of discarded nuclear material.

Question 22

secondary oocyte:

Answer 22

♣ The larger cell that receives most of the cytoplasm. Once a secondary oocyte is formed, it begins meiosis II but then stops in metaphase.

Question 23

ovulation

Answer 23

♣ The process where the mature (graafian) follicle soon ruptures and releases its secondary oocyte,

Question 24

ovum

Answer 24

♣ mature egg

Question 25

second polar body

Answer 25

♣ The secondary oocyte splits into two haploid cells, again of unequal size. The larger cell is the ovum, or mature egg; the smaller one is the second polar body. 

Question 26

zygote

Answer 26

♣ The nuclei of the sperm cell and the ovum then unite, forming a diploid zygote

Question 27

uterine tubes or Fallopian tubes or oviducts

Answer 27

♣ Tubes that extend laterally from the uterus.  

Question 28

infundibulum

Answer 28

:  a Funnel shaped portion of each tube.  It is close to the ovary but is open to the pelvic cavity. 

Question 29

fimbriae

Answer 29

fingerlike projections at the end of the infundibulum 

Question 30

ampulla

Answer 30

♣ is the widest longest portion, making up about the lateral two-thirds of its length. 

Question 31

isthmus

Answer 31

♣ is the more medial short, narrow, thick walled portion that joins the uterus.  

Question 32

fundus

Answer 32

A dome shaped portion of uterus superior to the uterine tubes

Question 33

body

Answer 33

a taperine central portion of the uterus

Question 34

cervix

Answer 34

an inferior narrow portion that opens into the vagina 

Question 35

uterine cavity

Answer 35

the interior of the body of the uterus and the cervix

Question 36

cervical canal

Answer 36

♣ : the interior of the cervix

Question 37

anteflexion

Answer 37

♣ :  a position where the body of the uterus projects anteriorly and superiorly over the urinary bladder 

Question 38

perimetrium

Answer 38

♣ The outer layer of the uterus.  It is part of the visceral peritoneum; it is composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue. Laterally, it becomes the broad ligament.

Question 39

myometrium

Answer 39

♣ The middle layer of the uterus | consists of three layers of smooth muscle fibers that are thickest in the fundus and thinnest in the cervix

Question 40

endometrium

Answer 40

:  The inner layer of the uterus, the endometrium, is highly vascularized

Question 41

♣ The endometrium is divided into what two layers. 

Answer 41

♣ stratum functionalis:  The stratum functionalis (functional layer) lines the uterine cavity and sloughs off during menstruation.  ♣ stratum basalis:  The deeper layer, the stratum basalis (basal layer), is permanent and gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation

Question 42

uterine arteries

Answer 42

♣ Branches of the internal iliac artery which supply blood to the uterus

Question 43

spiral arterioles

Answer 43

supply the stratum functionalis and change markedly during the menstrual cycle

Question 44

cervical mucus

Answer 44

The secretory cells of the mucosa of the cervix produce this secretion which is a mixture of water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts -  Cervical mucus supplements the energy needs of sperm - also play a role in capacitation

Question 45

fornix

Answer 45

♣ :  A recess called the fornix surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix

Question 46

vagina

Answer 46

 is a tubular, 10-cm (4-in.) long fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membrane that extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix.  

Question 47

muscularis

Answer 47

♣ composed of an outer circular layer and an inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle that can stretch considerably to accommodate the penis during sexual intercourse and a child during birth.

Question 48

hymen

Answer 48

♣ A thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane that forms a border around and partially closes the inferior end of the vaginal opening to the exterior, the vaginal orifice

Question 49

vaginal orifice

Answer 49

the exterior end of the vaginal opening.  

Question 50

vulva or pudendum

Answer 50

refers to the external genitals of the female

Question 51

monspubis

Answer 51

♣ an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair that cushions the pubic symphysis anterior to the vaginal and urethral openings

Question 52

labia majora

Answer 52

♣ two longitudinal folds of skin that extend inferiorly and posteriorly. ♣ covered by pubic hair and contain an abundance of adipose tissue, sebaceous (oil) glands, and apocrine sudoriferous (sweat) glands. 

Question 53

labia minora

Answer 53

♣ two smaller folds of skin medial to the labia majora.  | ♣ are devoid of pubic hair and fat and have few sudoriferous glands, but they do contain many sebaceous glands. 

Question 54

clitoris

Answer 54

♣ a small cylindrical mass composed of two small erectile bodies, the corpora cavernosa, and numerous nerves and blood vessels. The clitoris is located at the anterior junction of the labia minora.

Question 55

prepuce

Answer 55

♣ formed at the point where the labia minora unite and covers the body of the cli- toris.

Question 56

greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

Answer 56

♣ Located on either side of the vaginal orifice itself.  They open by ducts into a groove between the hymen and labia minora. They produce a small quantity of mucus during sexual arousal and intercourse that adds to cervical mucus and provides lubrication.

Question 57

bulb of the vestibule

Answer 57

♣ consists of two elongated masses of erectile tissue just deep to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice. ♣ becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal, narrowing the vaginal orifice and placing pressure on the penis during intercourse.  

Question 58

perineum

Answer 58

♣ is the diamond-shaped area medial to the thighs and buttocks of both males and females. It contains the external genitals and anus.

Question 59

mammary glands

Answer 59

♣ a modified sudoriferous (sweat) gland that produces milk. | ♣ consists of 15 to 20 lobes, or compartments, separated by a variable amount of adipose tissue. 

Question 60

breast

Answer 60

a hemispheric projection of variable size anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles and attached to them by a layer of fascia

Question 61

In the nipple - lactiferous ducts

Answer 61

♣ series of closely spaced openings of ducts where milk emerges

Question 62

In the nipple -areola

Answer 62

♣ :  The circular pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple 

Question 63

lobules of mammary gland:

Answer 63

♣ are several smaller compartments in each lobe of the mammary glands composed of alveoli 

Question 64

alveoli in mammary gland

Answer 64

grapelike clusters of milk-secreting glands  embedded in connective tissue

Question 65

myoepithelial cells in mammary glands

Answer 65

♣ surrounding the alveoli helps propel milk toward the nipples.

Question 66

secondary tubules in mammary glands

Answer 66

♣ When milk is being produced, it passes from the alveoli into a series of these secondary tubules

Question 67

mammary ducts

Answer 67

♣ milk then passes from the secondary tubules to the mammary ducts 

Question 68

lactiferous sinuses

Answer 68

♣ : sinuses that form from expanded mammary ducts near the nipple

Question 69

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 69

♣ secreted by the hy- pothalamus controls the ovarian and uterine cycles. ♣ stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. 

Question 70

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH

Answer 70

  initiates follicular growth.   In addition, both FSH and LH stimulate the ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens.

Question 71

luteinizing hormone (LH): 

Answer 71

♣ stimulates further development of the ovarian follicles.    ♣ stimulates the theca cells of a developing follicle to produce androgens. - triggers ovulation

Question 72

progesterone

Answer 72

♣ secreted mainly by cells of the corpus luteum, cooperates with estrogens to prepare and maintain the en- dometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum and to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion. High levels of progesterone also inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH.

Question 73

estrogens

Answer 73

♣ only three are present in significant quantities: beta (􏰒)-estradiol, estrone, and estriol ♣ promote the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics, and the breasts. ♣  increase protein anabolism, including the building of strong bones.  ♣  lower blood cholesterol level ♣ Moderate levels of estrogens in the blood inhibit both the re- lease of GnRH by the hypothalamus and secretion of LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary.

Question 74

relaxin

Answer 74

♣ produced by the corpus luteum during each monthly cycle relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium.   During pregnancy, the placenta produces much more relaxin, and it con- tinues to relax uterine smooth muscle

Question 75

inhibin

Answer 75

♣ is secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and by the corpus luteum after ovulation. It inhibits secretion of FSH and, to a lesser extent, LH

Question 76

What are the 4 stages of the female reproductive (name them)

Answer 76

1) The menstrual phase (days 1-5) - 2) Preovulatory phase (days 6-13) 3) Ovulation (on day 14) 4) Postovulatory phase (days 15-28) - time between ovulation and onset of the next menses. 

Question 77

Explain how ovulation occurs (3 steps)

Answer 77

the rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity 1) high concentration of estrogen stimulates release of GnRH from hypothalamus and stimulates gonadotrophs to release LH 2) GnRH promotes release of FSH and addition LH by anterior pituitary 3) LH causes rupture of mature follicle and expulsion of 2ndary oocyte which is swept into the uterine tube

Question 78

luteal phase

Answer 78

The phase where the corpus luteum secretes progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin when stimulated by LH. The luteal cells also absorb the blood clot. 

Question 79

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Answer 79

♣ This hormone is produced by the chorion of the embryo beginning about 8 days after fertilization. Like LH, hCG stimulates the secretory activity of the corpus luteum.

Question 80

(Events in the uterus) | secretory phase:

Answer 80

♣ :   Progesterone and estrogens produced by the corpus luteum promote growth and coiling of the endometrial glands, vascularization of the superficial endometrium, and thickening of the endometrium to 12–18 mm. Because of the secretory activity of the endometrial glands, which begin to secrete glycogen, this period is called the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.