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Anatomy and Physiology II > chapter 27 male and female reproductive > Flashcards

chapter 27 male and female reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scrotum?
what does it house?
what is the name when referring to both things together?

A

sack of skin
houses the testes
testicles

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2
Q

what is the function of the testes?

A

site of male gametogenesis

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3
Q

what is the optimal temperature for spermatogenesis?

A

34 C

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4
Q

why are male reproductive organs on the outside of the body?

A

in order to be able to regulate that optimal temperature for spermatogenesis

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5
Q

what is the muscle that allows for elevation of testes? what does this do?

A

skeletal muscle called cremaster muscles (which is an extension of internal oblique)
allows for the raising of temperature of the testes

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6
Q

what is the muscle that allows for wrinkling of scrotal skin?
what does this do?

A

smooth muscle called dartos muscle
wrinkles scrotal skin to raise temperature of testes

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7
Q

what is the structural and functional unit of testes called?
what is the structure within it that forms sperm?

A

lobule (sperm factory)
seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

what are the three cells of the testes?

A

Leydig cells
sustenocytes
myoid cells

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9
Q

what is another name for Leydig cells?
what is their function?
where are they located?

A

aka interstitial cells
make testosterone
in the space between the seminiferous tubules

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10
Q

what is another name for sustenocytes?
what is their function?
where are they located?

A

aka nurse cells
aka Sertoli cells
keep sperm alive while undergoing meiosis
cells that make up wall of seminiferous tubule

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11
Q

what is t the function of myoid cells?
where are they located?

A

smooth muscle cells that contract to move sperm through seminiferous tubule
located outside of the seminiferous tubules

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12
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A
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13
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14
Q
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15
Q

what is the pathway sperm take once gametogenesis is complete?

A

epididymis -> ductus deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

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16
Q

what is the function of the epididymis?

A

sperm maturation and storage

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17
Q

what happens to sperm if not used? how long is it stored for?

A

phagocytosed if not used
stored for several months

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18
Q

what structure does the sperm pass through to get to the epididymis from the testes?

A

rete testis (ready testes)

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19
Q

how does a vasectomy prevent pregnancy?

A

cut and cauterize or put a band around the ductus deferens which prevents sperm from leaving epididymis

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

how long does sperm mature in epididymis?

A

20 days

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22
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23
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A
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24
Q

what is the copulatory organ of males?

A

penis

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25
Q

what is the function of the corpus spongiosum?

A

keeps urethra from collapsing during erection

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26
Q

what tissue is most of the penis made of?

A

corpus cavernosa

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27
Q

what are the “legs” of corpus cavernosa tissue that form the base of the penis?

A

crura

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28
Q

what are the three accessory glands that produce secretions for semen? what percentages do each contribute to semen?

A

seminal vesicles 60%
prostate 20-30%
bulbourethral gland

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29
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

contributes to seminal fluid during ejaculation which is:
- alkaline to help sperm survive acidic vagina
- contains fructose to feed sperm
- contributes to most of semen volume

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30
Q

what is the function of the prostate gland?

A

prostate secretions:
- citrate which acts as buffer and nutrient source
- contains sperm activating enzymes
- contains PSA (prostate specific antigen) which liquifies semen

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31
Q

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

benign enlargement of prostate that occurs in elderly men which pinches off urethra causing dysuria (no pee) and nocturia (night pee

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32
Q

what is prostatic carcinoma? how can it be diagnosed?

A

second most lethal cancer that has no early symptoms
- digital rectal exam
- PSA screening to see if there’s an abundance of PSA

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33
Q

what is the function of the bulbourethral gland? what is its other name?

A

Cowper’s gland
pre-ejaculation that is:
- mucus-filled to lubricate urethra
- alkaline to neutralize urine in urethra

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34
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35
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36
Q
A
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37
Q

how is erection regulated?

A

parasympathetic control
local release of NO causes vasodilation

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38
Q

how is ejaculation regulated?

A

sympathetic control

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39
Q

what is the mechanism of action of Viagra?

A

makes smooth muscle cells more sensitive to NO
improves vasodilation

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40
Q
A

less veins = less blood can leave the penis = more blood flow accumulating in penis

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41
Q

what is spermatogenesis? where does it occur?

A

sperm formation
between sustenocytes (wall of seminiferous tubule)

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42
Q

how many sperm is produced by a healthy male per day?

A

400 million per day until death

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43
Q

what are spermatogonium?

A

stem cells that constantly divide to make cells that will enter meiosis

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44
Q

what are type A/B spermatogonium?

A

type A: remain stem cells (spermatogonia)
type B: become primary spermatocytes that undergo spermatogenesis

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45
Q

what is spermeogenesis?

A

last step of spermatogenesis where spermatids become spermatozoa
* Grow tail
* Lose excess cytoplasm
* Package DNA into small
head

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46
Q

how fast does semen travel?

A

11mph

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47
Q

what is spermatozoa?

A

fully formed sperm

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48
Q

what are the three structural regions of a spermatozoan?

A

head
midpiece
tail

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49
Q

what is the structure/function of the head of spermatozoan?

A

compact nucleus
surrounded by acrosome which contains enzymes that allow sperm to enter egg

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50
Q

what is the structure/function of the midpiece of the spermatozoan?

A

contains mitochondria to provide ATP for swimming
contains cytoskeletal filaments to rotate tail

51
Q

what is the structure/function of the tail of the spermatozoan?

A

flagellum that propels sperm

52
Q
A
53
Q
A
54
Q

draw the full process of spermatogenesis (including spermiogenesis

A
55
Q
A

spermatids turning into spermatozoa

56
Q

describe what occurs during spermatogenesis

A

meiosis and spermiogenesis

57
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

between sustenocytes

58
Q

Explain how GnRH, FSH, and LH regulate testosterone production and spermatogenesis

A

GnRH is released by hypothalamus and travels through to anterior pituitary where it stimulates the release of FSH and LH

LH binds to Leydig cells which stimulates production of testosterone

FSH binds to sustenocytes and stimulates spermatogenesis by telling it to make testosterone receptors

59
Q

what is the effects of testosterone?

A
  • triggers spermatogenesis
  • primary male sex hormone
  • anabolic effects (like bone and muscle growth)
  • increased hair growth
  • deepens voice
60
Q

what happens without testosterone in males?

A

testes atrophy
sperm production ceases

61
Q
A
62
Q
A
63
Q
A
64
Q

what is the structure/function of the ovaries?

A
  • contain many ovarian follicles that house developing oocytes
  • promotes female sex hormones
65
Q

what is a Graafian follicle?

A

mature ovarian follicle

66
Q

describe the layers of the Graafian follicle from deep to superficial

A
  • oocyte in center, with zona pellucida surrounding (sperm have to eat through this layer)
  • antrum is fluid filled space outside of oocyte
  • granulosa cells around oocyte
  • thecal cells form outer layer of follicle
67
Q

is the uterine tube directly connected to the ovary?

A

no it has an infundibulum that drapes over the ovary
contains cilia which sweeps egg into uterine tube

68
Q

what is the function of the uterine tube?

A

transport oocyte to uterus by use of cilia and peristalsis

69
Q

what causes an ectopic pregnancy?
why is this bad?

A

occurs when fertilized egg implants in peritoneum or distal tube

structures lack sufficient vascularization to support growth

70
Q

what is the function of the uterus?

A

receive, retain, and nourish fertilized egg

71
Q

what are the three layers of the uterine wall from superficial to deep?

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

72
Q

what is endometriosis?

A

endometrium grow on structures other than inside uterus (like uterine tube, ovary, peritoneum)
this can become inflamed

73
Q

what is the female copulatory organ?

A

vagina

74
Q

what does the vagina have that allows for stretch?

A

rugae

75
Q

what tissue is the vagina lined with?

A

stratified squamous cells to withstand friction

76
Q
A
77
Q
A
78
Q
A
79
Q

what is an oogonia?

A

stem cell of an oocyte

80
Q

when does oogenesis occur?

A

during embryonic development

81
Q

when does oogenesis pause the process?

A
  • at birth pauses at meiosis I as a primary oocyte
  • after puberty at meiosis II as a secondary oocyte
82
Q

when does oogenesis continue after stalling the first time?

A

during puberty a few primary oocyte reactivate

83
Q

what occurs to the oocyte when oogenesis continues after puberty?

A

asymmetric division occurs and leaves one cell with most of the cytoplasm and another little cell called polar bodies

84
Q

when does an oocyte continue oogenesis after the second pause?

A

fertilization triggers completion of final cell division

85
Q

why is oogenesis more prone to errors than spermatogenesis is?

A

because it starts before birth and stalls twice

86
Q
A
87
Q

explain how its possible for a child to have three parents?

A

nuclear transfer
baby can have mitochondrial DNA from one parent and two different parents for chromosomal DNA

88
Q

describe the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase - follicle grows during oogenesis
ovulation - follicle bursts and oocyte leaves ovary
luteal phase - ruptured follicle becomes endocrine gland

89
Q

when entering the follicular phase, oocytes begin paused in meiosis I within a primordial follicle. what happens to the follicle and oocyte during the follicular phase?

A

primordial follicle -> secondary follicle -> Graafian follicles
oocyte begins paused at meiosis I but continues to meiosis II where it then pauses again

90
Q

what happens to the follicle during ovulation?

A

follicle ruptures and releases stalled secondary oocyte (in meiosis II)

91
Q

what happens to the follicle during the luteal phase?
what occurs if pregnant/not pregnant?

A

ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum where it secretes progesterone and estrogen

if no pregnancy = breaks down after 10 days
if pregnant = persists hormone function until placenta takes over

92
Q

what day does each phase of the ovarian cycle occur?

A

follicular phase: 1-14
ovulation: on day 14 for five minutes
luteal phase: lasts 10 days

93
Q

what is it called when women feel ovulation occur (rupturing of follicle)

A

mittelschmerz (middle pain - pain in the middle of the cycle)

94
Q

what is it that initiates puberty in girls?

A

leptin from adipose tissue stimulates GnRH in hypothalamus which stimulates FSH and LH

95
Q

where are the FSH and LH receptors in females?
what do they do?

A

FSH: in granulosa cells
LH: in thecal cells

stimulate production of estrogen and progesterone

96
Q

what is estrogen and progesterone synthesized from?

A

androgens

97
Q

what cell type in the ovarian follicle makes androgens and which converts androgens to estrogen?

A
  • thecal cells make androgens when LH binds to its receptor
  • granulosa cells convert androgens to estrogen when FSH attaches to receptor
98
Q

what is estradiol?
what is its effect?

A

one of three forms of estrogen
it regulates uterine cycle
promotes growth and maturation of sex organs during puberty
promotes long bone growth in early puberty

99
Q

what is the general trend of estrogen and progesterone levels in the blood during the different phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase: day 1-6 slow gradual increase
day 6-14: initially low, but then surge to trigger ovulation
ovulation: levels plummet but then begin to rise
luteal phase: corpus luteum triggers abundant release but towards the end, they fall again

100
Q

what is the blood concentration of LH and FSH like during the phases of the ovarian cycle

A

spike dramatically only at ovulation (LH more so)
is triggered by abundance of estrogen and progesterone at this time

101
Q

List the three phases of the uterine cycle

A

menstrual
proliferative
secretory

102
Q

what occurs during the menstrual phase? how long is it?
what triggers it?

A

day 1-5: uterus sheds all but deepest layer of endometrium
triggered by drop in estrogen and progesterone

103
Q

what occurs during the proliferative phase?
how long is it?
what triggers it?

A

day 6-14: endometrium rebuilds itself
stimulated by rising levels of estrogen

104
Q

what occurs during the secretory phase?
how long is it?
what triggers it?

A

day 15-28: endometrium secretes nutrients to prepare for implantation
triggered by increased progesterone increasing blood supply

105
Q

when do female fertility rates decline?
how many oocytes at age 30?
age 50?

A

between 30-40 years
100 k
3

106
Q

what happens when estradiol levels drop in women?

A

ovaries atrophy

107
Q

what happens to cause menopause?
what age?
when is it official?

A
  • as fewer follicles mature, estrogen and progesterone levels decrease
  • 46-54
  • 12 months after no menstruation
108
Q

what are symptoms of menopause?

A
  • increased risk of cardiovascular disease
  • osteoporosis (osteoblasts die in absence of estrogen)
  • weight gain
  • mood swings
109
Q

how can we reduce menopause symptoms?

A

hormone replacement therapy (short term)
Phytoestrogens (plant-based estrogen-like)

110
Q
A
111
Q
A
112
Q
A
113
Q

what is progestin? where is it found?

A

synthetic progesterone found in birth control pills

114
Q

what is the most common form of birth control pill

A

combination pills made of progestin and estrogen

115
Q

what is the mini-pill?

A

contains only progestin (is safe to take during pregnancy)

116
Q

what is the mechanism of birth control?

A

inhibits ovulation by maintain increased levels of progesterone and estrogen which inhibits FSH and LH release

117
Q

how does the morning after pill work?

A

contains loads of progesterone which:
- increases viscosity of cervical mucus = reduced sperm motility
- alters endometrial lining (makes implantation difficult)

118
Q

what is withdraw bleeding?

A

week of placebo pills in birth control where sudden drop in estrogen and progesterone trigger menstruation and skip ovulation

119
Q

what is mifepristone used for?

A

blocks progesterone receptors which mimics the drop in progesterone levels which triggers endometrium to shed as if no fertilization occurred

120
Q

when is mifepristone effective?

A

first 7 weeks of pregnancy

121
Q
A
122
Q
A
123
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology II (12 decks)

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