Chapter 24 nutrition Flashcards
what is a kilocalorie?
energy value in food
how many calories in a Kcal?
1000
how many calories in a Calorie?
1000
how many Kilocalories in a Calorie?
1
what is a nutrient?
a substance in food used to promote growth, maintenance, and repair
what are the six categories of nutrients?
carbohydrates
protein
fat
vitamins
minerals
water
what are two examples of what would be micronutrients?
vitamins
minerals
what is the difference between minerals and vitamins?
minerals: inorganic (salt etc)
vitamins: organic molecules
what are three examples of carbohydrates?
sugars
starch
fiber
what are essential nutrients?
40 molecules that our bodies cannot make fast enough to meet needs
what are three uses of glucose in the body?
production of ATP
DNA synthesis
Glycosylation
where do we get simple carbohydrates from?
fruit
honey
milk
what is fiber?
indigestible carbohydrate
what can excess carbohydrates cause?
obesity
cavities
GI irritation
what can deficiency in carbohydrates cause?
tissue wasting
metabolic acidosis
what two fatty acids can the liver not synthesize? what does this make them?
linoleic acid (omega-6)
linolenic acid (omega-3)
essential fatty acids
what are lipids in the body used for?
feeling of satiety
vitamin absorption
production of ATP
build plasma membranes
what is the purpose of linoleic acid in the body?
make prostaglandins
what can occur if excess in lipids?
obesity
increased risk of cardiovascular disease
what can occur if deficient in all fats?
weight loss
poor thermoregulation
what can occur if deficient in essential fatty acids?
poor growth
eczema
depression
how many fatty acids are there? how many of the fatty acids are essential?
20 total
10 essential
what are the uses of proteins in the body?
make/break apart amino acids
what has to be present in order for protein synthesis? if not present, what occur?
all 20 amino acids need to be present
if not, break down amino acids for energy
what are complete proteins vs incomplete proteins?
complete: contain all 10 essential amino acids
incom: do not
why is it that we eat beans and rice together traditionally?
beans and rice are forms of incomplete proteins and separately do not contain all 10 essential amino acids, but together they do
what do protein deficits cause?
profound weight loss
tissue wasting
anemia
edema
true or false? proteins are water soluble?
true
what are coenzymes?
needed for metabolic enzymes to work (vitamins)
what are examples of water soluble vitamins? what are their uses?
B vitamins - B9 used for nervous system dev.
vitamin C - antioxidant/ collagen synthesis
what vitamin deficiency can cause spina bifida?
B9 deficiency (folic acid)
what can vitamin C deficiency cause?
scurvy
what are examples of fat soluble vitamins? their uses?
vitamin A (retinol) - visual pigments
vitamin D - aids in calcium and phosphorus absorption
vitamin K - blood clotting
why do babies get vitamin K shots at birth?
they are born sterile and don’t have microbiota to produce vitamin K
what does vitamin A deficiency cause?
blurred vision
what does vitamin D deficiency cause?
rickets
what does vitamin K deficiency cause?
excessive bleeding
what is a mineral?
inorganic element
how many minerals are needed in moderate amount?
7
what are the uses of mineral in the body?
strengthen structure (building bones)
ions (sodium channels)
protein structure
where are minerals found?
vegetables
beans
milk
what are the 7 minerals that are needed in moderate amounts?
calcium
phosphorus
sulfur
potassium
chlorine
sodium
magnesium
what are the 10 trace minerals needed?
iron
fluorine
zinc
copper
manganese
iodine
cobalt
selenium
chromium
molybdenum
what is the function of iron in the body?
oxygen transportation
what is the function of fluorine in the body?
tooth structure
what is the function of iodine in the body?
thyroid hormone synthesis
what is aerobic cellular respiration?
oxidizes glucose into CO2 and H2O to make ATP
what is the reaction of aerobic cellular respiration?
where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
what are the reactants/products of glycolysis?
reactant: glucose
product: pyruvic acid & 2 ATP & 2 NADH
where in the cell does citric acid cycle occur?
mitochondria
what are the reactants/products of the citric acid cycle?
reactants: pyruvic acid
products: 2 ATP & NADH & FADH2
where in the cell does the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation occur?
mitochondria
what are the reactants/products of ETC and oxidative phosphorylation?
reactants: NADH + FADH2
products: 28 ATP
what is the absorptive state? when does it occur?
anabolism exceeds catabolism
4 hours during and after each meal
what happens to carbohydrates in the absorptive state?
deliver to liver
liver will then:
- release some glucose into blood
- store glucose as glycogen
- convert glucose to triglycerides
what happens to triglycerides in the absorptive state?
enter lymph in chylomicrons
lipoprotein lipase then converts triglycerides in chylomicrons into free fatty acids and glycerol
what happens to amino acids in the absorptive state?
delivered to liver
liver will return most to blood
use some to make proteins
convert some into keto acids
name a protein made in the liver and its function
albumin - maintain blood osmolarity
how is the absorptive state regulated?
in the plasma:
insulin increases
bile acid increases
in the liver:
gluconeogenesis decreases
bile acid synthesis decreases
how is the postabsorptive state regulated?
in the plasma:
glucagon increases
bile acids decrease
in the liver:
gluconeogenesis increases
bile acid synthesis increases
what is the goal of the postabsorptive state? when does it occur?
maintain blood glucose at 70-110 mg/dL
late morning
late afternoon
all night
what is glycogenolysis? when does this occur?
break apart glycogen
within the postabsorptive state
what is glucose sparing?
during fasting cells alter metabolism to favor burning fats and proteins instead of glucose
what is the purpose of glucagon? when it is secreted?
in the postabsorptive state
stimulates glycogenolysis and glucogenesis in liver
what is glycogenolysis?
make new sugars from other sources than glucose
what nervous system controls postabsorptive state?
sympathetic nervous system
release glucagon
sympathetic nervous system
