Chapter 24 nutrition

Question 1

what is a kilocalorie?

Answer 1

energy value in food

Question 2

how many calories in a Kcal?

Answer 2

1000

Question 3

how many calories in a Calorie?

Answer 3

1000

Question 4

how many Kilocalories in a Calorie?

Answer 4

1

Question 5

what is a nutrient?

Answer 5

a substance in food used to promote growth, maintenance, and repair

Question 6

what are the six categories of nutrients?

Answer 6

carbohydrates
protein
fat
vitamins
minerals
water

Question 7

what are two examples of what would be micronutrients?

Answer 7

vitamins
minerals

Question 8

what is the difference between minerals and vitamins?

Answer 8

minerals: inorganic (salt etc)
vitamins: organic molecules

Question 9

what are three examples of carbohydrates?

Answer 9

sugars
starch
fiber

Question 10

what are essential nutrients?

Answer 10

40 molecules that our bodies cannot make fast enough to meet needs

Question 11

what are three uses of glucose in the body?

Answer 11

production of ATP
DNA synthesis
Glycosylation

Question 12

where do we get simple carbohydrates from?

Answer 12

fruit
honey
milk

Question 13

what is fiber?

Answer 13

indigestible carbohydrate

Question 14

what can excess carbohydrates cause?

Answer 14

obesity
cavities
GI irritation

Question 15

what can deficiency in carbohydrates cause?

Answer 15

tissue wasting
metabolic acidosis

Question 16

what two fatty acids can the liver not synthesize? what does this make them?

Answer 16

linoleic acid (omega-6)
linolenic acid (omega-3)
essential fatty acids

Question 17

what are lipids in the body used for?

Answer 17

feeling of satiety
vitamin absorption
production of ATP
build plasma membranes

Question 18

what is the purpose of linoleic acid in the body?

Answer 18

make prostaglandins

Question 19

what can occur if excess in lipids?

Answer 19

obesity
increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 20

what can occur if deficient in all fats?

Answer 20

weight loss
poor thermoregulation

Question 21

what can occur if deficient in essential fatty acids?

Answer 21

poor growth
eczema
depression

Question 22

how many fatty acids are there? how many of the fatty acids are essential?

Answer 22

20 total
10 essential

Question 23

what are the uses of proteins in the body?

Answer 23

make/break apart amino acids

Question 24

what has to be present in order for protein synthesis? if not present, what occur?

Answer 24

all 20 amino acids need to be present
if not, break down amino acids for energy

Question 25

what are complete proteins vs incomplete proteins?

Answer 25

complete: contain all 10 essential amino acids incom: do not

Question 26

why is it that we eat beans and rice together traditionally?

Answer 26

beans and rice are forms of incomplete proteins and separately do not contain all 10 essential amino acids, but together they do

Question 27

what do protein deficits cause?

Answer 27

profound weight loss tissue wasting anemia edema

Question 28

true or false? proteins are water soluble?

Answer 28

true

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

Answer 30

Question 31

what are coenzymes?

Answer 31

needed for metabolic enzymes to work (vitamins)

Question 32

what are examples of water soluble vitamins? what are their uses?

Answer 32

B vitamins - B9 used for nervous system dev. vitamin C - antioxidant/ collagen synthesis

Question 33

what vitamin deficiency can cause spina bifida?

Answer 33

B9 deficiency (folic acid)

Question 34

what can vitamin C deficiency cause?

Answer 34

scurvy

Question 35

what are examples of fat soluble vitamins? their uses?

Answer 35

vitamin A (retinol) - visual pigments vitamin D - aids in calcium and phosphorus absorption vitamin K - blood clotting

Question 36

why do babies get vitamin K shots at birth?

Answer 36

they are born sterile and don't have microbiota to produce vitamin K

Question 37

what does vitamin A deficiency cause?

Answer 37

blurred vision

Question 38

what does vitamin D deficiency cause?

Answer 38

rickets

Question 39

what does vitamin K deficiency cause?

Answer 39

excessive bleeding

Question 40

what is a mineral?

Answer 40

inorganic element

Question 41

how many minerals are needed in moderate amount?

Answer 41

7

Question 42

what are the uses of mineral in the body?

Answer 42

strengthen structure (building bones) ions (sodium channels) protein structure

Question 43

where are minerals found?

Answer 43

vegetables beans milk

Question 44

what are the 7 minerals that are needed in moderate amounts?

Answer 44

calcium phosphorus sulfur potassium chlorine sodium magnesium

Question 45

what are the 10 trace minerals needed?

Answer 45

iron fluorine zinc copper manganese iodine cobalt selenium chromium molybdenum

Question 46

what is the function of iron in the body?

Answer 46

oxygen transportation

Question 47

what is the function of fluorine in the body?

Answer 47

tooth structure

Question 48

what is the function of iodine in the body?

Answer 48

thyroid hormone synthesis

Question 49

Answer 49

Question 50

Answer 50

Question 51

Answer 51

Question 52

Answer 52

Question 53

Answer 53

Question 54

what is aerobic cellular respiration?

Answer 54

oxidizes glucose into CO2 and H2O to make ATP

Question 55

what is the reaction of aerobic cellular respiration?

Answer 55

Question 56

where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

Answer 56

cytoplasm

Question 57

what are the reactants/products of glycolysis?

Answer 57

reactant: glucose product: pyruvic acid & 2 ATP & 2 NADH

Question 58

where in the cell does citric acid cycle occur?

Answer 58

mitochondria

Question 59

what are the reactants/products of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 59

reactants: pyruvic acid products: 2 ATP & NADH & FADH2

Question 60

where in the cell does the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Answer 60

mitochondria

Question 61

what are the reactants/products of ETC and oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 61

reactants: NADH + FADH2 products: 28 ATP

Question 62

Answer 62

Question 63

Answer 63

Question 64

what is the absorptive state? when does it occur?

Answer 64

anabolism exceeds catabolism 4 hours during and after each meal

Question 65

what happens to carbohydrates in the absorptive state?

Answer 65

deliver to liver liver will then: - release some glucose into blood - store glucose as glycogen - convert glucose to triglycerides

Question 66

what happens to triglycerides in the absorptive state?

Answer 66

enter lymph in chylomicrons lipoprotein lipase then converts triglycerides in chylomicrons into free fatty acids and glycerol

Question 67

what happens to amino acids in the absorptive state?

Answer 67

delivered to liver liver will return most to blood use some to make proteins convert some into keto acids

Question 68

name a protein made in the liver and its function

Answer 68

albumin - maintain blood osmolarity

Question 69

how is the absorptive state regulated?

Answer 69

in the plasma: insulin increases bile acid increases in the liver: gluconeogenesis decreases bile acid synthesis decreases

Question 70

how is the postabsorptive state regulated?

Answer 70

in the plasma: glucagon increases bile acids decrease in the liver: gluconeogenesis increases bile acid synthesis increases

Question 71

what is the goal of the postabsorptive state? when does it occur?

Answer 71

maintain blood glucose at 70-110 mg/dL late morning late afternoon all night

Question 72

what is glycogenolysis? when does this occur?

Answer 72

break apart glycogen within the postabsorptive state

Question 73

what is glucose sparing?

Answer 73

during fasting cells alter metabolism to favor burning fats and proteins instead of glucose

Question 74

what is the purpose of glucagon? when it is secreted?

Answer 74

in the postabsorptive state stimulates glycogenolysis and glucogenesis in liver

Question 75

what is glycogenolysis?

Answer 75

make new sugars from other sources than glucose

Question 76

what nervous system controls postabsorptive state?

Answer 76

sympathetic nervous system

Question 77

Answer 77

Question 78

Answer 78

Question 79

Answer 79

release glucagon sympathetic nervous system