Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 17 Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what type of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the three main functions of blood?

A

transportation, regulation, and protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

give examples of how blood “transport”?

A

delivers oxygen from lungs to body tissues
transports metabolic wastes
hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does blood regulate?

A

maintain body temp
maintain pH
maintain fluid volume in circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does blood protect?

A

clotting (prevents blood loss)
prevents infection (immune cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the three layers of blood that has been centrifuged?

A

55% plasma
1% buffy coat
45% RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what portion makes up the formed elements of blood?

A

buffy coat and RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what words could you use to describe physical characteristics of blood?

A

viscous, sticky and salty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why is blood sticky?

A

cells within the blood do not tend to want to slide easily among each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does blood contain that gives it its blood osmolarity?

A

dissolved electrolytes (ions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the value of healthy blood osmolarity?

A

300 mOsm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the pH value of blood? why?

A

around 7.4
it discourages bacteria growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

is blood alkaline or acidic?

A

alkaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what color is blood?

A

oxygenated blood is bright red
deoxygenated blood is dark red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

approx how many liters of blood in females/males? what percentage of the body weight is this?

A

4-5 L in females
5-6 L in males
8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is contained with the plasma layer of blood?

A

proteins
nitrogenous waste
nutrients
electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is contained with the buffy coat layer of blood?

A

white blood cells and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is contained within the erythrocyte layer of blood?

A

RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when blood is not put in the centrifuge, what purpose does the plasma serve?

A

serves as blood’s the extracellular fluid
& carrying solutes such as proteins, nitrogenous waste, nutrients, and electrolytes wherever they need to be transported to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are examples of proteins found in the plasma of blood?

A

albumin, clotting proteins, hormones, enzymes, and antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of albumin in the plasma? … how is that so?

A

maintain osmolarity - keeps blood isotonic with cells
transports hydrophobic/ lipid molecules - such as steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the most abundant protein found in the plasma?

A

albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is another name for antibodies?

A

gamma globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where are proteins produced within the body?

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where are antibodies secreted from?
lymphocytes
26
what is the purpose of gamma globulins?
bind to foreign substances (antigens) in the blood then targets for destruction
27
give examples of nitrogenous waste dissolved in blood plasma?
urea uric acid creatinine ammonium
28
where exactly is the waste within the plasma coming from?
protein and nucleic acid metabolism
29
what are examples of nutrients found within the plasma layer of blood?
glucose "building blocks" vitamins
30
what are examples of "building blocks" within the plasma?
amino acids fatty acids nucleotids
31
what is the range of a normal blood glucose level?
70 - 100 mg/dl
32
where does glucose enter the blood plasma from?
digestive system liver
33
give examples of electrolytes found in blood plasma
sodium ion chloride ion potassium ion bicarbonate ion
34
what purpose do electrolytes within blood plasma serve?
balance osmotic pressure by preventing too much osmosis & Your cells use electrolytes to conduct electrical charges, which is how your muscles contract
35
list examples of some of the molecules found in blood plasma
should look something like this:
36
what is the definition of osmolarity?
total concentration of all solute particles in a solution (ie: blood)
37
what kind of solutes contribute to blood osmolarity? what important solutes DO NOT?
solutes such as those found within plasma (NOT RED/WHITE BLOOD CELLS)
38
How to calculate blood osmolarity?
Concentration (mM) x number of particles compound dissociates into = mOsM
39
40
Find the total osmolarity of a solution containing 80 mM CaCl2, 25 mM MgSO4, 40 mM IgG and 10 mM Ca 2+
41
what is the definition of tonicity?
the ability of a solution +/- water molecules
42
if you have a high osmolarity, it means what?
have a high solute content
43
if you have a low osmolarity, it means what?
have a low solute content
44
what is the meaning of a hypotonic in terms of blood osmolarity?
blood has low osmolarity (low solute content) than inside the cell causes water to move into the cell (to dilute the higher solute content within the cell)
45
what is the meaning of a hypertonic in terms of blood osmolarity?
blood has high osmolarity (high solute content) than inside the cell causes water to move out of the cell (to dilute higher solute content outside the cell)
46
True or false? when a solution is isotonic, there is no net movement of water.
true
47
what is the range of blood osmolarity?
280 - 300 mOsm
48
what is the effect of dehydration and the result?
effect: decreases blood volume & increases blood osmolarity Result: blood plasma becomes hypertonic & causes water to move out of cells and they shrink
49
what is the effect of hypotonic hydration (overhydration) and the result?
effect: blood volume increases blood osmolarity decreases Result: blood plasma becomes hypotonic & water moves into cells causing swelling or lysis of cells * can cause death because neurons are susceptible to swelling
50
what happens inside an edema? what does is cause to happen?
blood fluid leaves vessels and enters extracellular space causes: swelling (inflammation) & Hypoproteinemia
51
what is the definition of hypoproteinemia?
hypo - lack of protein - protein emia - present in the blood lack of protein presence in the blood *less proteins within blood means low osmolarity and high water concentration in blood. The high water concentration needs a place to go, so it escapes the blood vessels.
52
what do equivalents measure?
charge concentration
53
what is the equation for finding equivalents?
concentration (mM) of ion x number of charges on the ion = mEq/L
54
55
True or False? One function of blood is to send electrical signals that regulate body function.
false
56
which of the following is NOT a dissolved solute in blood plasma?
erythrocyte
57
what is the term for a cell when it has been placed in a hypertonic solution?
crenation
58
what is the term for a cell when it has been placed in a hypotonic solution?
hemolysis
59
Annalise is severely dehydrated. Predict the effect of this dehydration on her blood osmolarity and her red blood cell shape.
dehydration causes increased blood osmolarity, which means more solutes, which means water gradient is leaving the cells to dilute the blood plasma, which results in CRENATION
60
what is the function of RBCs
transport respiratory gasses O2 and CO2
61
what are some characteristics of RBCs?
flexible lack of nucleus and organelles cannot divide or metabolize very well
62
what is the definition of hematocrit?
percentage of blood that is RBCs
63
what is normal level of hematocrit in female and males?
female: 42% +/- 5% male: 47% +/- 5%
64
65
I.V. increases water concentration of blood, which increases the volume of plasma, which decreases the concentration of RBCs
66
what is the function of hemoglobin? How many copies are found in RBCs
hemoglobin is a protein in RBCs that reversibly bind to oxygen RBCs contain 300 million copies of hemoglobin
67
what is "heme" in hemoglobin?
red, iron-containing pigment that binds to oxygen (there are 4 hemes per hemoglobin protein)
68
what is the definition of erythropoietin (EPO)?
erythro - red blood cell poietin - stimulatory effect on growth or multiplication of cells hormone that increase the production of RBCs
69
what is the definition of erythropoesis?
erythro - red blood cell poiesis - production of cell process of RBC production
70
which organ produces the most EPO?
kidneys produce the most erythropoietin
71
what would make EPO levels increase?
when oxygen delivery is insufficient when testosterone levels are high
72
what is the factor of blood that makes it dense?
iron contained in heme of hemoglobin make erythrocytes dense
73
Polycythemia definition?
poly - many cyte - cells emia - present in the blood abnormal excess of RBCs in blood
74
what are causes for polycytemia?
cancer, smoking, living in low oxygen (high altitude), EPO injections by athletes
75
what level of hematocrit poses a danger for clots and strokes?
45 - 65 %
76
why is oxygen-related causes at fault for polycytemia?
more RBCs are being produced in order to help aid in carrying more oxygen
77
what is the definition of anemia?
abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
78
what are common symptoms of anemia?
fatigue paleness short of breath chilly etc.
79
what is hemorrhagic anemia?
hemo - blood rrhagia - profuse fluid discharge excessive RBCs lost as blood volume is decreased
80
how can hemorrhagic anemia be acute/chronic?
acute: small rapid blood loss Ex: ulcers in digestive tract chronic: slight but consistent blood loss Ex: ulcer or hemorrhoids
81
what is hemolytic anemia?
hemo - blood lysis - rupture of cell rupture of RBCs
82
what can hemolytic anemia be caused by?
blood type incompatibility viral/bacterial infection autoimmune response defects in hemoglobin (ie: sickle cell anemia)
83
what is sickle-cell anemia?
it is a genetic disease inherited by parents which is caused by a mutation of one amino acid within hemoglobin it causes the change of RBC shape which makes it hard to carry oxygen and easily ruptures or clogs capillaries.
84
what exactly is the mutation found within sickle-cell anemia?
glutamate is instead valine in sickle-cell anemia
85
what is aplastic anemia?
a - without plasty - forming, developing or growing RBCs are not being produced in bone marrow
86
what is iron-deficiency anemia?
iron is needed to produce hemoglobin, lack of iron produces smaller, lesser functioning RBCs
87
what is another name for the small RBCs found within iron-deficiency anemia?
microcytes
88
what is pernicious anemia?
autoimmune disease that prevents vitamin b12 absorption
89
what is the function of vitamin B12 in RBCs?
B12 is needed for developing RBCs to divide instead of dividing, it causes fewer, larger RBCs to exist
90
what is another name for large RBCs?
macrocytes
91
what demographic is pernicious anemia most common with?
elderly (autoimmune disease destroying B12 absorption) strict vegetarians (who don't eat enough B12 in their diet)
92
what is jaundice? what is the element that gives the color?
yellowing of skin and eyes caused by pigment bilirubin
93
what diseases are jaundice indicative of?
gallbladder or liver disease
94
what does jaundice have to do with RBCs?
yellow color is a byproduct of breakdown of iron within hemoglobin
95
true/fase? A female with a hematocrit of 40 is anemic?
false
96
what do pernicious anemia and iron-deficiency anemia have in common?
Both prevent RBCs from properly forming
97
describe what happens to the hemoglobin in old erythrocytes
120 days - RBCs die heme is from hemoglobin is broken down to be able to recycle iron this process occurs in spleen and liver bilirubin is the waste product of heme breakdown
98
what is the definition of leukopenia?
leuko - WBC penia - decrease, deficiency abnormal low WBC count
99
what can cause leukopenia?
bone marrow or other immune system deficiencies
100
what is the definition of Leukocytosis?
leuko - WBC cytosis - increased cell count increased WBC count normal response to infection
101
what is the definition of leukemia?
leuko - WBC emia - present in the blood cancerous division of a single clone of a white blood cell causing malignant, nonfunctioning abundance of WBC also causes lack of production of platelets
102
what is the function of platlets?
create blood clots
103
what are platelets made of?
fragments of precursor cell called megakaryocyte
104
what is the definition of thrombocytopenia?
thrombo - clotting blood (platelet) cyto - cell penia - decrease, deficiency disease causing low platelet count (usually due to bone marrow deficiency)
105
what does thrombocytopenia cause to happen to skin?
petechiae - spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels due to lack of clotting factors of platelets
106
True/ False? Leukopenia is a normal response to infection by a pathogen.
false; leukocytosis is the correct answer
107
108
what is the definition of hemostasis?
hemo - blood stasis - stopping of flow stopping the flow of blood is the defensive reaction to prevent excessive blood loss
109
what are the three shortened steps of hemostasis?
vascular spasms platelet plug coagulation
110
what is the purpose of vascular spasms in the process of hemostasis? how long do they last?
reduces blood loss while subsequent steps to occur 20-30 minutes
111
Describe the process of the platelet plug in the process of hemostasis? how long does this process take?
when a blood vessel tears, it exposes the areolar tissue within the walls of the vessels. this tissue is connective tissue filled with collagen fibers. platelets touch these collagen fibers and begin to activate. Activated platelets are sticky. sticky platelets stick together and plug the gap or tear within vessel. 60 seconds!
112
what is another name for coagulation?
blood clotting
113
Large tears require coagulation. What is the process of coagulation involve? How long does it take?
coagulation proteins in blood become activated, resulting in the formation of a fibrin mesh which tarps over some RBCs and the platelet plug 3-6 minutes
113
what happens immediately after hemostasis?
clot retraction platelets use actin and myosin to contract like muscle cells
114
what is responsible for tissue repair after hemostasis has occured?
PDGF - platelet derived growth factor chemical signal for tissue re-growth released by platelets to stimulate
115
what is the definition of fibrinolysis? why does this need to occur after hemostasis?
fibrin - blood clotting protein lysis - rupture/destroying of process of destruction of fibrin protein (blood clot) in order to prevent dislodging of whole blood clot
116
what is the enzyme responsible for fibrinolysis? what does it do?
plasmin - degrades fibrin in clot
117
what is responsible for releasing plasmin?
plasminogen activator (tPA)
118
definition of thrombus?
blood clot that forms and persists in unbroken blood vessel these can obstruct vessel and cause tissue death
119
definition of embolus?
free floating thrombus can cause embolism and stroke
120
what are anticoagulants?
drugs that inhibit clotting
121
what is the function of aspirin?
prevents platelets from sticking together
122
what is the function of coumadin (warfarin)?
synthetic drug which reduces clotting factor production in liver
123
what is the function of heparin?
natural anticoagulant made by basophils which reduces fibrin mesh production
124
what is the definition of serum?
plasma lacking clotting factors
125
what is the definition of hemophilia?
hemo - blood philia - affinity for hereditary bleeding disorders
126
what do hemophilias cause to happen?
different hemophilias lack different clotting factors. the lack of clotting causes excessive bleeding and swelling of joints
127
explain the entire process of what happens during and after hemostasis.
128
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?
kidneys

Anatomy and Physiology II (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions