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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 17 Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what type of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

what are the three main functions of blood?

A

transportation, regulation, and protection

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3
Q

give examples of how blood “transport”?

A

delivers oxygen from lungs to body tissues
transports metabolic wastes
hormones

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4
Q

how does blood regulate?

A

maintain body temp
maintain pH
maintain fluid volume in circulatory system

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5
Q

how does blood protect?

A

clotting (prevents blood loss)
prevents infection (immune cells)

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6
Q

what are the three layers of blood that has been centrifuged?

A

55% plasma
1% buffy coat
45% RBCs

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7
Q

what portion makes up the formed elements of blood?

A

buffy coat and RBCs

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8
Q

what words could you use to describe physical characteristics of blood?

A

viscous, sticky and salty

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9
Q

why is blood sticky?

A

cells within the blood do not tend to want to slide easily among each other

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10
Q

what does blood contain that gives it its blood osmolarity?

A

dissolved electrolytes (ions)

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11
Q

what is the value of healthy blood osmolarity?

A

300 mOsm

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12
Q

what is the pH value of blood? why?

A

around 7.4
it discourages bacteria growth

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13
Q

is blood alkaline or acidic?

A

alkaline

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14
Q

what color is blood?

A

oxygenated blood is bright red
deoxygenated blood is dark red

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15
Q

approx how many liters of blood in females/males? what percentage of the body weight is this?

A

4-5 L in females
5-6 L in males
8%

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16
Q

what is contained with the plasma layer of blood?

A

proteins
nitrogenous waste
nutrients
electrolytes

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17
Q

what is contained with the buffy coat layer of blood?

A

white blood cells and platelets

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18
Q

what is contained within the erythrocyte layer of blood?

A

RBCs

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19
Q

when blood is not put in the centrifuge, what purpose does the plasma serve?

A

serves as blood’s the extracellular fluid
& carrying solutes such as proteins, nitrogenous waste, nutrients, and electrolytes wherever they need to be transported to

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20
Q

what are examples of proteins found in the plasma of blood?

A

albumin, clotting proteins, hormones, enzymes, and antibodies

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21
Q

what is the function of albumin in the plasma? … how is that so?

A

maintain osmolarity - keeps blood isotonic with cells
transports hydrophobic/ lipid molecules - such as steroids

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22
Q

what is the most abundant protein found in the plasma?

A

albumin

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23
Q

what is another name for antibodies?

A

gamma globulins

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24
Q

where are proteins produced within the body?

A

liver

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25
Q

where are antibodies secreted from?

A

lymphocytes

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26
Q

what is the purpose of gamma globulins?

A

bind to foreign substances (antigens) in the blood then targets for destruction

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27
Q

give examples of nitrogenous waste dissolved in blood plasma?

A

urea
uric acid
creatinine
ammonium

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28
Q

where exactly is the waste within the plasma coming from?

A

protein and nucleic acid metabolism

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29
Q

what are examples of nutrients found within the plasma layer of blood?

A

glucose
“building blocks”
vitamins

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30
Q

what are examples of “building blocks” within the plasma?

A

amino acids
fatty acids
nucleotids

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31
Q

what is the range of a normal blood glucose level?

A

70 - 100 mg/dl

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32
Q

where does glucose enter the blood plasma from?

A

digestive system
liver

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33
Q

give examples of electrolytes found in blood plasma

A

sodium ion
chloride ion
potassium ion
bicarbonate ion

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34
Q

what purpose do electrolytes within blood plasma serve?

A

balance osmotic pressure by preventing too much osmosis
& Your cells use electrolytes to conduct electrical charges, which is how your muscles contract

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35
Q

list examples of some of the molecules found in blood plasma

A

should look something like this:

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36
Q

what is the definition of osmolarity?

A

total concentration of all solute particles in a solution (ie: blood)

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37
Q

what kind of solutes contribute to blood osmolarity? what important solutes DO NOT?

A

solutes such as those found within plasma (NOT RED/WHITE BLOOD CELLS)

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38
Q

How to calculate blood osmolarity?

A

Concentration (mM) x number of particles compound dissociates into = mOsM

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39
Q
A
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40
Q

Find the total osmolarity of a solution containing 80 mM CaCl2, 25 mM MgSO4, 40 mM IgG and 10 mM Ca 2+

A
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41
Q

what is the definition of tonicity?

A

the ability of a solution +/- water molecules

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42
Q

if you have a high osmolarity, it means what?

A

have a high solute content

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43
Q

if you have a low osmolarity, it means what?

A

have a low solute content

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44
Q

what is the meaning of a hypotonic in terms of blood osmolarity?

A

blood has low osmolarity (low solute content) than inside the cell
causes water to move into the cell (to dilute the higher solute content within the cell)

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45
Q

what is the meaning of a hypertonic in terms of blood osmolarity?

A

blood has high osmolarity (high solute content) than inside the cell
causes water to move out of the cell (to dilute higher solute content outside the cell)

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46
Q

True or false? when a solution is isotonic, there is no net movement of water.

A

true

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47
Q

what is the range of blood osmolarity?

A

280 - 300 mOsm

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48
Q

what is the effect of dehydration and the result?

A

effect: decreases blood volume
& increases blood osmolarity

Result: blood plasma becomes hypertonic
& causes water to move out of cells and they shrink

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49
Q

what is the effect of hypotonic hydration (overhydration) and the result?

A

effect: blood volume increases
blood osmolarity decreases

Result: blood plasma becomes hypotonic
& water moves into cells causing swelling or lysis of cells
* can cause death because neurons are susceptible to swelling

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50
Q

what happens inside an edema? what does is cause to happen?

A

blood fluid leaves vessels and enters extracellular space
causes: swelling (inflammation)
& Hypoproteinemia

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51
Q

what is the definition of hypoproteinemia?

A

hypo - lack of
protein - protein
emia - present in the blood

lack of protein presence in the blood
*less proteins within blood means low osmolarity and high water concentration in blood. The high water concentration needs a place to go, so it escapes the blood vessels.

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52
Q

what do equivalents measure?

A

charge concentration

53
Q

what is the equation for finding equivalents?

A

concentration (mM) of ion x number of charges on the ion = mEq/L

54
Q
A
55
Q

True or False? One function of blood is to send electrical signals that regulate body function.

A

false

56
Q

which of the following is NOT a dissolved solute in blood plasma?

A

erythrocyte

57
Q

what is the term for a cell when it has been placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

crenation

58
Q

what is the term for a cell when it has been placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

hemolysis

59
Q

Annalise is severely dehydrated. Predict the effect of this dehydration on her blood osmolarity and her red blood cell shape.

A

dehydration causes increased blood osmolarity, which means more solutes, which means water gradient is leaving the cells to dilute the blood plasma, which results in CRENATION

60
Q

what is the function of RBCs

A

transport respiratory gasses
O2 and CO2

61
Q

what are some characteristics of RBCs?

A

flexible
lack of nucleus and organelles
cannot divide or metabolize very well

62
Q

what is the definition of hematocrit?

A

percentage of blood that is RBCs

63
Q

what is normal level of hematocrit in female and males?

A

female: 42% +/- 5%
male: 47% +/- 5%

64
Q
A
65
Q
A

I.V. increases water concentration of blood, which increases the volume of plasma, which decreases the concentration of RBCs

66
Q

what is the function of hemoglobin? How many copies are found in RBCs

A

hemoglobin is a protein in RBCs that reversibly bind to oxygen
RBCs contain 300 million copies of hemoglobin

67
Q

what is “heme” in hemoglobin?

A

red, iron-containing pigment that binds to oxygen
(there are 4 hemes per hemoglobin protein)

68
Q

what is the definition of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

erythro - red blood cell
poietin - stimulatory effect on growth or multiplication of cells

hormone that increase the production of RBCs

69
Q

what is the definition of erythropoesis?

A

erythro - red blood cell
poiesis - production of cell

process of RBC production

70
Q

which organ produces the most EPO?

A

kidneys produce the most erythropoietin

71
Q

what would make EPO levels increase?

A

when oxygen delivery is insufficient
when testosterone levels are high

72
Q

what is the factor of blood that makes it dense?

A

iron contained in heme of hemoglobin make erythrocytes dense

73
Q

Polycythemia definition?

A

poly - many
cyte - cells
emia - present in the blood

abnormal excess of RBCs in blood

74
Q

what are causes for polycytemia?

A

cancer, smoking, living in low oxygen (high altitude), EPO injections by athletes

75
Q

what level of hematocrit poses a danger for clots and strokes?

A

45 - 65 %

76
Q

why is oxygen-related causes at fault for polycytemia?

A

more RBCs are being produced in order to help aid in carrying more oxygen

77
Q

what is the definition of anemia?

A

abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

78
Q

what are common symptoms of anemia?

A

fatigue
paleness
short of breath
chilly
etc.

79
Q

what is hemorrhagic anemia?

A

hemo - blood
rrhagia - profuse fluid discharge

excessive RBCs lost as blood volume is decreased

80
Q

how can hemorrhagic anemia be acute/chronic?

A

acute: small rapid blood loss Ex: ulcers in digestive tract
chronic: slight but consistent blood loss Ex: ulcer or hemorrhoids

81
Q

what is hemolytic anemia?

A

hemo - blood
lysis - rupture of cell

rupture of RBCs

82
Q

what can hemolytic anemia be caused by?

A

blood type incompatibility
viral/bacterial infection
autoimmune response
defects in hemoglobin (ie: sickle cell anemia)

83
Q

what is sickle-cell anemia?

A

it is a genetic disease inherited by parents which is caused by a mutation of one amino acid within hemoglobin

it causes the change of RBC shape which makes it hard to carry oxygen and easily ruptures or clogs capillaries.

84
Q

what exactly is the mutation found within sickle-cell anemia?

A

glutamate is instead valine in sickle-cell anemia

85
Q

what is aplastic anemia?

A

a - without
plasty - forming, developing or growing

RBCs are not being produced in bone marrow

86
Q

what is iron-deficiency anemia?

A

iron is needed to produce hemoglobin,
lack of iron produces smaller, lesser functioning RBCs

87
Q

what is another name for the small RBCs found within iron-deficiency anemia?

A

microcytes

88
Q

what is pernicious anemia?

A

autoimmune disease that prevents vitamin b12 absorption

89
Q

what is the function of vitamin B12 in RBCs?

A

B12 is needed for developing RBCs to divide
instead of dividing, it causes fewer, larger RBCs to exist

90
Q

what is another name for large RBCs?

A

macrocytes

91
Q

what demographic is pernicious anemia most common with?

A

elderly (autoimmune disease destroying B12 absorption)
strict vegetarians (who don’t eat enough B12 in their diet)

92
Q

what is jaundice? what is the element that gives the color?

A

yellowing of skin and eyes caused by pigment bilirubin

93
Q

what diseases are jaundice indicative of?

A

gallbladder or liver disease

94
Q

what does jaundice have to do with RBCs?

A

yellow color is a byproduct of breakdown of iron within hemoglobin

95
Q

true/fase? A female with a hematocrit of 40 is anemic?

A

false

96
Q

what do pernicious anemia and iron-deficiency anemia have in common?

A

Both prevent RBCs from properly forming

97
Q

describe what happens to the hemoglobin in old erythrocytes

A

120 days - RBCs die
heme is from hemoglobin is broken down to be able to recycle iron
this process occurs in spleen and liver
bilirubin is the waste product of heme breakdown

98
Q

what is the definition of leukopenia?

A

leuko - WBC
penia - decrease, deficiency

abnormal low WBC count

99
Q

what can cause leukopenia?

A

bone marrow or other immune system deficiencies

100
Q

what is the definition of Leukocytosis?

A

leuko - WBC
cytosis - increased cell count

increased WBC count
normal response to infection

101
Q

what is the definition of leukemia?

A

leuko - WBC
emia - present in the blood

cancerous division of a single clone of a white blood cell causing malignant, nonfunctioning abundance of WBC
also causes lack of production of platelets

102
Q

what is the function of platlets?

A

create blood clots

103
Q

what are platelets made of?

A

fragments of precursor cell called megakaryocyte

104
Q

what is the definition of thrombocytopenia?

A

thrombo - clotting blood (platelet)
cyto - cell
penia - decrease, deficiency

disease causing low platelet count (usually due to bone marrow deficiency)

105
Q

what does thrombocytopenia cause to happen to skin?

A

petechiae - spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels due to lack of clotting factors of platelets

106
Q

True/ False? Leukopenia is a normal response to infection by a
pathogen.

A

false; leukocytosis is the correct answer

107
Q
A
108
Q

what is the definition of hemostasis?

A

hemo - blood
stasis - stopping of flow

stopping the flow of blood
is the defensive reaction to prevent excessive blood loss

109
Q

what are the three shortened steps of hemostasis?

A

vascular spasms
platelet plug
coagulation

110
Q

what is the purpose of vascular spasms in the process of hemostasis? how long do they last?

A

reduces blood loss while subsequent steps to occur
20-30 minutes

111
Q

Describe the process of the platelet plug in the process of hemostasis? how long does this process take?

A

when a blood vessel tears, it exposes the areolar tissue within the walls of the vessels. this tissue is connective tissue filled with collagen fibers. platelets touch these collagen fibers and begin to activate. Activated platelets are sticky. sticky platelets stick together and plug the gap or tear within vessel.

60 seconds!

112
Q

what is another name for coagulation?

A

blood clotting

113
Q

Large tears require coagulation. What is the process of coagulation involve? How long does it take?

A

coagulation proteins in blood become activated, resulting in the formation of a fibrin mesh which tarps over some RBCs and the platelet plug

3-6 minutes

113
Q

what happens immediately after hemostasis?

A

clot retraction
platelets use actin and myosin to contract like muscle cells

114
Q

what is responsible for tissue repair after hemostasis has occured?

A

PDGF - platelet derived growth factor
chemical signal for tissue re-growth released by platelets to stimulate

115
Q

what is the definition of fibrinolysis? why does this need to occur after hemostasis?

A

fibrin - blood clotting protein
lysis - rupture/destroying of

process of destruction of fibrin protein (blood clot)
in order to prevent dislodging of whole blood clot

116
Q

what is the enzyme responsible for fibrinolysis? what does it do?

A

plasmin - degrades fibrin in clot

117
Q

what is responsible for releasing plasmin?

A

plasminogen activator (tPA)

118
Q

definition of thrombus?

A

blood clot that forms and persists in unbroken blood vessel
these can obstruct vessel and cause tissue death

119
Q

definition of embolus?

A

free floating thrombus
can cause embolism and stroke

120
Q

what are anticoagulants?

A

drugs that inhibit clotting

121
Q

what is the function of aspirin?

A

prevents platelets from sticking together

122
Q

what is the function of coumadin (warfarin)?

A

synthetic drug which reduces clotting factor production in liver

123
Q

what is the function of heparin?

A

natural anticoagulant made by basophils which reduces fibrin mesh production

124
Q

what is the definition of serum?

A

plasma lacking clotting factors

125
Q

what is the definition of hemophilia?

A

hemo - blood
philia - affinity for

hereditary bleeding disorders

126
Q

what do hemophilias cause to happen?

A

different hemophilias lack different clotting factors.
the lack of clotting causes excessive bleeding and swelling of joints

127
Q

explain the entire process of what happens during and after hemostasis.

A
128
Q

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

A

kidneys

Anatomy and Physiology II (12 decks)

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