Chapter 20 Lymphatic system

Question 1

Where is the lymphatic system not found?

Answer 1

bones
bone marrow
teeth
CNS

Question 2

What is the structure of lymphoid organs and tissues?

Answer 2

reticular connective tissue (except in thymus)
house immune cells (lymphocytes)

Question 3

what is the primary purpose of the lymphatic system? secondary?

Answer 3

primary: immune surveillance
secondary: maintain blood volume

Question 4

how does the lymphatic system provide immune surveillance?

Answer 4

using leukocytes to protect the body by neutralizing invading pathogens

Question 5

how does the lymphatic system maintain blood volume?

Answer 5

lymphatic vessels collect fluid -> cleans it -> returns it to the veins which transports fluid to the heart

Question 6

does the lymphatic system have a cycle?

Answer 6

no, it is unidirectional, only travelling towards the direction of the veins close to the heart

Question 7

what is the order of the fluid travelling through the lymphatic vessels?

Answer 7

Lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic collecting vessels
lymphatic trunks
lymphatic ducts

Question 8

what is the structure of lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 8

minivalves
blunt ended

Question 9

what is the structure/function of the minivalves of the lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 9

anchored by collagen fibers
composed of the overlapping of squamous endothelial cells
they are forced open when interstitial fluid pressure is increased
they are the most permeable

Question 10

what is fluid called when traveling through the blood vessels?

Answer 10

plasma

Question 11

what is the fluid called when traveling through the open (no man’s land) space between vessels

Answer 11

interstitial fluid

Question 12

what is the fluid called when traveling through the lymphatic vessels?

Answer 12

lymph

Question 13

describe lymph when it first enters the lymphatic vessels

Answer 13

It’s dirty with possible bacterial or cancer cells, because large particles are able to enter easily

Question 14

All lymphatic vessels drain into where?

Answer 14

2 ducts that then drain into veins

Question 15

where are the lymphatic ducts located?

Answer 15

where the internal jugular and subclavian veins merge

Question 16

what are the two lymphatic ducts named?

Answer 16

right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct

Question 17

what portion of the body does the right lymphatic duct receive fluid from?

Answer 17

the upper right body

Question 18

what portion of the body does the thoracic duct receive fluid from?

Answer 18

left side of body AND all lower extremities

Question 19

what does lymphangitis mean?

Answer 19

inflammation of the lymphatic vessels

Question 20

what does lymphangitis look like on the body? how is it caused?

Answer 20

red streaks appearing on skin
caused usually by bacterial infection

Question 21

what is lymphedema?

Answer 21

swelling of limbs by accumulation of interstitial fluid

Question 22

what causes lymphedema?

Answer 22

poor lymphatic drainage either because of tumors
or because of removal of lymphatic vessels during cancer surgery

Question 23

explain how lymph flow is similar to venous blood flow?

Answer 23

muscle contractions and surging arteries push lymph through vessels
valves prevent backflow

Question 24

which of lymphatic vessels contain smooth muscle? why?

Answer 24

trunks and ducts to push fluid towards the veins

Question 25

Answer 25

Question 26

Once again, list the two functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 26

immune surveillance maintain blood volume

Question 27

Describe the structure of lymph nodes

Answer 27

there are HUNDREDS of nodes they appear along lymphatic vessels

Question 28

where can you find lymphatic nodes? what are the three exact locations of where they are concentrated?

Answer 28

they are concentrated where lymphatic vessels merge located at: axillary (armpit) inguinal (groin) cervical (neck)

Question 29

what is the main function of lymph nodes?

Answer 29

to clean the lymph

Question 30

Describe how the structure of the lymph node helps it do its job

Answer 30

has 5 vessels enter the node, and only 2 that allow for fluid to exit - this creates more time for fluid within node to be cleaned is composed of immune cells - which allow for the screening and consuming of potential infectious agents

Question 31

does it take 1 node to clean fluid before returning to veins?

Answer 31

no, it take running through several nodes before fluid is cleaned sufficiently

Question 32

why would lymph nodes become swollen?

Answer 32

infection cancer

Question 33

what are buboes?

Answer 33

very large and painful infected lymph nodes

Question 34

what are buboes commonly associated with?

Answer 34

Yersinia pestis - a bacteria that causes the bubonic plague

Question 35

how does the lymphatic system contribute to secondary cancer sites?

Answer 35

tumor cells can travel within the lymph fluid, get stuck in lymph nodes and begin growing

Question 36

what is a lymphoma?

Answer 36

any tumor of the lymphoid tissue

Question 37

what is the structure of the spleen? location?

Answer 37

largest lymphoid organ (fist-sized) contains macrophages left upper quadrant of abdomen

Question 38

what is the function of the spleen?

Answer 38

removes old/defective RBCs (recycling the iron) performs immune surveillance (w/macrophages)

Question 39

why can the body live without the spleen?

Answer 39

the liver and bone marrow can take over its functions

Question 40

what is MALT? stands for?

Answer 40

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue - concentrated groups of lymphoid tissues (reticular tissue) holding immune cells

Question 41

what are the three large examples of MALT?

Answer 41

tonsils Peyer's patches appendix

Question 42

where are smaller examples of MALT located?

Answer 42

in respiratory, genitourinary, and GI tracts

Question 43

where are the tonsils located?

Answer 43

around the entrance to pharynx

Question 44

what is tonsilitis and what is it caused by?

Answer 44

inflammation of the tonsils usually due to bacterial infection

Question 45

what are Peyer's patches?

Answer 45

isolated clusters of immune cells forming nodules in outside wall of small intestine and around the appendix

Question 46

what is the function of Peyer's patches?

Answer 46

protect the body from infection by intestinal bacteria

Question 47

what is the function of the tonsils?

Answer 47

combatting pathogens that enter the body in food or air

Question 48

where is the appendix located?

Answer 48

offshoot of distal part of the large intestine

Question 49

what is the appendix's job?

Answer 49

they get to know the microbes within our gut in order to provide long-term immunity

Question 50

where is the thymus located?

Answer 50

in the upper chest above the sternal angle and heart

Question 51

when is our thymus at its largest?

Answer 51

childhood

Question 52

when does our thymus begin to atrophy?

Answer 52

after puberty

Question 53

what is the thymus' function?

Answer 53

site of T-cell maturation

Question 54

what defines maturation of T-cells

Answer 54

they are active and working

Question 55

what is the function of T cells?

Answer 55

help distinguish self from not-self

Question 56

how does the thymus teach T-cells to do their job?

Answer 56

kills off any T cells that incorrectly target "self" microbes

Question 57

what is the path T cells take to maturation and where do they travel after?

Answer 57

from bone marrow to thymus for maturation matured T cells leave thymus and travel to secondary lymphoid tissue such as lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT

Question 58

Answer 58

Question 59

Answer 59

Question 60

Answer 60