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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 20 Lymphatic system > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the lymphatic system not found?

A

bones
bone marrow
teeth
CNS

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2
Q

What is the structure of lymphoid organs and tissues?

A

reticular connective tissue (except in thymus)
house immune cells (lymphocytes)

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3
Q

what is the primary purpose of the lymphatic system? secondary?

A

primary: immune surveillance
secondary: maintain blood volume

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4
Q

how does the lymphatic system provide immune surveillance?

A

using leukocytes to protect the body by neutralizing invading pathogens

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5
Q

how does the lymphatic system maintain blood volume?

A

lymphatic vessels collect fluid -> cleans it -> returns it to the veins which transports fluid to the heart

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6
Q

does the lymphatic system have a cycle?

A

no, it is unidirectional, only travelling towards the direction of the veins close to the heart

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7
Q

what is the order of the fluid travelling through the lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic collecting vessels
lymphatic trunks
lymphatic ducts

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8
Q

what is the structure of lymphatic capillaries?

A

minivalves
blunt ended

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9
Q

what is the structure/function of the minivalves of the lymphatic capillaries?

A

anchored by collagen fibers
composed of the overlapping of squamous endothelial cells
they are forced open when interstitial fluid pressure is increased
they are the most permeable

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10
Q

what is fluid called when traveling through the blood vessels?

A

plasma

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11
Q

what is the fluid called when traveling through the open (no man’s land) space between vessels

A

interstitial fluid

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12
Q

what is the fluid called when traveling through the lymphatic vessels?

A

lymph

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13
Q

describe lymph when it first enters the lymphatic vessels

A

It’s dirty with possible bacterial or cancer cells, because large particles are able to enter easily

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14
Q

All lymphatic vessels drain into where?

A

2 ducts that then drain into veins

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15
Q

where are the lymphatic ducts located?

A

where the internal jugular and subclavian veins merge

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16
Q

what are the two lymphatic ducts named?

A

right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct

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17
Q

what portion of the body does the right lymphatic duct receive fluid from?

A

the upper right body

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18
Q

what portion of the body does the thoracic duct receive fluid from?

A

left side of body AND all lower extremities

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19
Q

what does lymphangitis mean?

A

inflammation of the lymphatic vessels

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20
Q

what does lymphangitis look like on the body? how is it caused?

A

red streaks appearing on skin
caused usually by bacterial infection

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21
Q

what is lymphedema?

A

swelling of limbs by accumulation of interstitial fluid

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22
Q

what causes lymphedema?

A

poor lymphatic drainage either because of tumors
or because of removal of lymphatic vessels during cancer surgery

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23
Q

explain how lymph flow is similar to venous blood flow?

A

muscle contractions and surging arteries push lymph through vessels
valves prevent backflow

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24
Q

which of lymphatic vessels contain smooth muscle? why?

A

trunks and ducts to push fluid towards the veins

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25
Q
A
26
Q

Once again, list the two functions of the lymphatic system?

A

immune surveillance
maintain blood volume

27
Q

Describe the structure of lymph nodes

A

there are HUNDREDS of nodes
they appear along lymphatic vessels

28
Q

where can you find lymphatic nodes? what are the three exact locations of where they are concentrated?

A

they are concentrated where lymphatic vessels merge
located at:
axillary (armpit)
inguinal (groin)
cervical (neck)

29
Q

what is the main function of lymph nodes?

A

to clean the lymph

30
Q

Describe how the structure of the lymph node helps it do its job

A

has 5 vessels enter the node, and only 2 that allow for fluid to exit - this creates more time for fluid within node to be cleaned

is composed of immune cells - which allow for the screening and consuming of potential infectious agents

31
Q

does it take 1 node to clean fluid before returning to veins?

A

no, it take running through several nodes before fluid is cleaned sufficiently

32
Q

why would lymph nodes become swollen?

A

infection
cancer

33
Q

what are buboes?

A

very large and painful infected lymph nodes

34
Q

what are buboes commonly associated with?

A

Yersinia pestis - a bacteria that causes the bubonic plague

35
Q

how does the lymphatic system contribute to secondary cancer sites?

A

tumor cells can travel within the lymph fluid, get stuck in lymph nodes and begin growing

36
Q

what is a lymphoma?

A

any tumor of the lymphoid tissue

37
Q

what is the structure of the spleen? location?

A

largest lymphoid organ (fist-sized)
contains macrophages
left upper quadrant of abdomen

38
Q

what is the function of the spleen?

A

removes old/defective RBCs (recycling the iron)
performs immune surveillance (w/macrophages)

39
Q

why can the body live without the spleen?

A

the liver and bone marrow can take over its functions

40
Q

what is MALT? stands for?

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- concentrated groups of lymphoid tissues (reticular tissue) holding immune cells

41
Q

what are the three large examples of MALT?

A

tonsils
Peyer’s patches
appendix

42
Q

where are smaller examples of MALT located?

A

in respiratory, genitourinary, and GI tracts

43
Q

where are the tonsils located?

A

around the entrance to pharynx

44
Q

what is tonsilitis and what is it caused by?

A

inflammation of the tonsils
usually due to bacterial infection

45
Q

what are Peyer’s patches?

A

isolated clusters of immune cells forming nodules in outside wall of small intestine and around the appendix

46
Q

what is the function of Peyer’s patches?

A

protect the body from infection by intestinal bacteria

47
Q

what is the function of the tonsils?

A

combatting pathogens that enter the body in food or air

48
Q

where is the appendix located?

A

offshoot of distal part of the large intestine

49
Q

what is the appendix’s job?

A

they get to know the microbes within our gut in order to provide long-term immunity

50
Q

where is the thymus located?

A

in the upper chest above the sternal angle and heart

51
Q

when is our thymus at its largest?

A

childhood

52
Q

when does our thymus begin to atrophy?

A

after puberty

53
Q

what is the thymus’ function?

A

site of T-cell maturation

54
Q

what defines maturation of T-cells

A

they are active and working

55
Q

what is the function of T cells?

A

help distinguish self from not-self

56
Q

how does the thymus teach T-cells to do their job?

A

kills off any T cells that incorrectly target “self” microbes

57
Q

what is the path T cells take to maturation and where do they travel after?

A

from bone marrow to thymus for maturation
matured T cells leave thymus and travel to secondary lymphoid tissue such as lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT

58
Q
A
59
Q
A
60
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology II (12 decks)

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