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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 19 Blood vessels > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

what is a lumen?

A

hollow space at center of blood vessel

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2
Q

what are the three main layers of most blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

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3
Q

what is the tunica intima made of?

A

endothelium made of simple squamous cells
and if vessel is larger than 1mm, subendothelial layer made of loose connective tissue

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4
Q

what is the function of tunica intima?

A

reduce friction with blood flow

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5
Q

what two things are the tunica media made of?

A

circular smooth muscle and elastic fibers

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6
Q

In which vessel is the tunica media thicker in, arteries or veins?

A

arteries

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7
Q

which is the tunica media more rigid and which is it more collapsible?

A

rigid in arteries
collapsible in veins

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8
Q

what is the function of the tunica media?

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation in order to regulate blood pressure

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9
Q

what is the tunica externa made of?

A

connective tissue

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10
Q

what is the function of the tunica externa?

A

support and protect

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11
Q

what is the tunica externa made of?

A

mostly stiff collagen fibers
but some elastic fibers found in larger vessels in order to stretch and receive more blood

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12
Q

what is the vasa vasorum?

A

small blood vessels that feed larger blood vessels

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13
Q

where can vasa vasorum be found?

A

large blood vessels within the tunica externa

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14
Q

these characteristics belong to which layer of the blood vessel wall?

A
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15
Q
A

false; the tunica media is made of smooth muscle cells

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16
Q
A

tunica intima

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17
Q

what is the appearance difference between arteries and veins?

A

arteries have a smaller diameter, thicker-walled vessels
while veins have a larger diameter, thinner-walled vessels

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18
Q

which of the three types of arteries have the largest lumen diameter? what is it?

A

elastic arteries; 1.5 cm

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19
Q

what is the main function of elastic arteries?

A

great for stretching ; not meant for vasoconstriction

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20
Q

what characteristic makes elastic arteries stretchy?

A

they are filled with elastic fibers in all tunicas

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21
Q

where can elastic arteries commonly be found? why?

A

usually near heart; in order to receive blood and conduct it to major body regions

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22
Q

what is the diameter size of muscular arteries?

A

6 mm

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23
Q

why is the diameter size of muscular arteries so small?

A

they have the thickest tunica media

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24
Q

what is the function of muscular arteries?

A

deliver blood to specific body organs
perform most vasoconstriction/dilation

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25
Q

what is another name for elastic arteries?

A

conducting arteries

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26
Q

what is another name for muscular arteries?

A

distributing arteries

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27
Q

what is the lumen diameter of arterioles?

A

37 micrometers

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28
Q

what are arterioles made of?

A

mostly smooth muscle

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29
Q

what is the function of arterioles?

A

feed capillary beds
control minute-to-minute blood flow
vasoconstriction/dilation

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30
Q

describe how the structure of conducting arteries play a role in their function

A

have larger lumen - to allow more blood flow
have elastic fibers - to be stretchy/ to allow more blood flow
attached to heart - to conduct blood to various body regions

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31
Q

describe how the structure of muscular arteries play a role in their function

A

contain mostly smooth muscle - to allow for vasoconstriction/dilation

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32
Q

describe how the structure of arterioles play a role in their function

A

smallest of arteries - to allow for more precise control of vasoconstriction/dilation (which helps with temporarily cutting off blood flow to unnecessary regions)

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33
Q
A
  1. arterioles
  2. muscular arteries
  3. elastic arteries
  4. veins
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34
Q
A

false; elastic arteries is the correct answer

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35
Q
A

false; capillaries are their own separate category of blood vessel

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36
Q

what is the structure of capillaries?

A

wall is made only of tunica intima
single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane
their lumen is 8-10 micrometers (size of one RBC)

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37
Q

what is the function of capillaries?

A

site of fluid and nutrient exchange

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38
Q

what are the classifications of capillaries from least porous to most?

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal

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39
Q

what physical characteristics do continuous capillaries have?

A

intercellular clefts (formed by incomplete tight junctions)
pericytes (nonfunctioning tunica media/serves only to provide stabilization of cell wall and filter solutes)

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40
Q

does continuous capillaries have an abundance or limited flow of fluids/solutes between cell wall?

A

limited

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41
Q

how are some solutes able to leave/enter continuous capillaries?

A

pinocytosis

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42
Q

where can you commonly find continuous capillaries?

A

skin and muscles

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43
Q

What are physical characteristics of fenestrated capillaries?

A

intercellular clefts
pores (fenestrations)
covered by a thin basement membrane

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44
Q

does fenestrated capillaries have an abundance or limited flow of fluids/solutes between cell wall?

A

has more fluid/solute exchange than continuous capillaries but less than sinusoidal capillaries

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45
Q

where can fenestrated capillaries be found?

A

small intestine
kidneys
most endocrine glands

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46
Q

what are physical characteristics of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

endothelial cells have larger fenestrations (pores)
larger intercellular clefts

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47
Q

where can the sinusoidal capillaries be found?

A

liver
bone marrow
spleen
adrenal medulla

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48
Q

what is the important function sinusoidal capillaries provide besides allowing more solutes/fluid to pass through its membrane?

A

immune function
the large pores and large clefts cause turbulent blood flow which reduces flow speed. Reduced flow speed gives phagocytic cells found within the intercellular clefts more time to eat bacteria in the blood

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49
Q

The characteristics below apply to which type(s) of capillaries?

A
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50
Q

which type of capillary is most commonly found?

A

continuous capillaries because they are found all over skin and muscle

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51
Q

Unlike arteries and veins, capillaries can switch between being open and closed off of blood supply. Explain how this process occurs

A

arterioles that branch off arteries, can vasoconstrict to cut off blood supply to capillary bed

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52
Q

what is the function of the vascular shunt within certain capillary beds?

A

purpose is not to drop off any nutrients or waste, but just used as a shortcut for blood to flow from arteries to veins

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53
Q

what structure makes the vascular shunt within capillaries possible? How so?

A

precapillary sphincters;
closed = blood only flows through vascular shunt
open = blood flows through bed

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54
Q
A

false; sinusoidal capillaries are too leaky and would be dangerous to be found in the brain

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55
Q
A
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56
Q
A
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57
Q

which veins carry deoxygenated blood?

A

systemic veins

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58
Q

which veins carry oxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary veins

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59
Q

how are veins the lowest pressure vessels?

A

their large lumens & capillary beds dissipate most of the arterial blood pressure

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60
Q

at any given time, what percentage of blood volume is found in veins?

A

65%

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61
Q

one of the layers in veins is underdeveloped while the other is very thick, which is which?

A

tunica media is underdeveloped
tunica externa is thickest of its layers

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62
Q

what are the subtypes of veins?

A

veins
venules (microscopic)

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63
Q

where would you find venules?

A

at the point where capillaries within capillary beds unite

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64
Q

describe postcapillary venules

A

structurally similar to capillaries
only made of endothelium
immune cells can pass in and out easily

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65
Q

describe larger venules, like what are they composed of?

A

thin tunica media and externa

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66
Q

veins form at what point?

A

when venules merge

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67
Q

what are veins’ valves made of?

A

folded flaps of tunica intima

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68
Q

how do vein valves help blood flow in one direction?

A

when blood flows in the opposite direction, the flaps of the valves fill with blood and force them closed

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69
Q

describe what is physically happening within varicose veins

A

caused by incompetent venous valves
allows blood backflow to occur
allows blood to pool and swell vessels

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70
Q

What two things make having varicose veins more common?

A

being on feet for long periods
increased venous pressure

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71
Q

what can cause varicose veins in the anal sphincter? what is this called?

A

hemorrhoids; can be caused by straining when defecating

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72
Q
A

examples include:

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73
Q

what are vascular anastomoses?

A

locations where two vessels converge creating more than one pathway for blood to reach/leave tissues

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74
Q

why are vascular anastomoses important?

A

if one path is blocked, tissue will still be served via another route

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75
Q

where are arterial anastomoses important?

A

it protects vital organs from being deprived of blood if you are injured and one route of blood supply is cut off

76
Q

where are arterial anastomoses most common?

A

joints
brain
heart
most abdominal organs

77
Q

where are arterial anastomoses least common to be found in?

A

kidneys
spleen
retina

78
Q

what are venous anastomoses

A

alternating pathways between veins (visible on back of hand)

79
Q
A
80
Q
A
81
Q

The volume of blood flowing through a particular vessel per unit time is equal to what in the systemic circuit?

A

systemically, blood flow = cardiac output

82
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = SV x HR
(stroke volume x heart rate)

83
Q

true/false; systemic blood flow is constant in a resting body?

A

true

84
Q

what exactly does blood pressure describe?

A

the force exerted on a vessel wall

85
Q

what is the units of measure for blood pressure?

A

mmHg

86
Q

what is resistance of blood flow? what is the letter than indicates resistance?

A

( R ) = opposition to blood flow caused by friction of RBCs hitting wall

87
Q

what is the equation for resistance? the un-shortened word for each acronym?

A
88
Q

what is blood viscosity?

A

“mu”; the natural resistance blood has of flowing (due to formed elements)

89
Q

is blood viscosity constant or not?

A

in healthy people it is

90
Q

how does vessel length relate to resistance?

A

longer vessels have more surface area for resistance to occur
longer vessel = higher resistance

91
Q

is vessel length constant or not?

A

in health people it is

92
Q

how does the vessel radius relate to resistance?

A

larger vessel radius means more blood is able to freely flow without touching the wall of vessel = less resistance

93
Q

which factors most affects the value of resistance? why?

A

radius; because its value is measured to the 4th power (increasing its value 4x)

94
Q

what does directly proportional mean?

A

if one variable increases, the other will increase

95
Q

what does indirectly proportional mean?

A

if one variable increases, the other will decrease

96
Q

Your grade is _________ proportional to the amount of studying time you have for exams

A

directly; higher grades = more time spent studying

97
Q

Your grade is __________ proportional to the amount of nervousness you are

A

indirectly; more anxious = lower grade

98
Q

write equation for Blood flow (F) that is directly proportional to the change in blood pressure (delta P)

A
99
Q

write equation for Blood flow (F) that is indirectly proportional to resistance (R)

A
100
Q

why do arteries not require valves?

A

because of the high pressure of blood flow

101
Q

Write the equation for blood flow and the equation for resistance

A
102
Q

what is the definition of artherosclerosis?

A

narrowing of the arteries

103
Q

explain the entire process of how exactly atherosclerosis effect the arteries?

A

an injury to the endothelial lining causes a tear. Cholesterol and fats within the blood stream attract to the tear site and stick within it. Macrophages then try to consume the fats but are unable to digest them. This results in “foam cells” which are lipid filled, non-functioning macrophage cells. numerous foam cells form a fatty streak. The fatty streak gets healed over by tunica media and intima. This creates a fibrous plaque which shrinks the lumen size of the artery = lessens blood flow

104
Q

where does atherosclerosis occur?

A

under the tunica intima

105
Q

after the initial plaque has formed in atherosclerosis, what then occurs?

A

cells deep to the plaque die and are replaced by non-elastic scar tissue = stiff walls = increased pressure

106
Q

What are the types of treatment for atherosclerosis?

A

anti-inflammatory drugs - prevent recruitment of immune cells
aspirin - prevents platelets from initiating thrombus formation
coronary bypass surgery - cut out affected arteries
angioplasty - increases lumen diameter by smashing down fatty deposits
stent - increases lumen diameter by holding vessel open

107
Q

Of the two options involving increasing the size of the artery (for treating atherosclerosis), which is most commonly used and which is not?

A

angioplasty - is not commonly used because its typically a temporary fix
stents are more commonly used because they are more permanent

108
Q
A
109
Q
A
110
Q

what is the definition of blood pressure?

A

the FORCE exerted on vessel walls

111
Q

where is blood pressure most significant? least?

A

closest to the heart;
vena cava

112
Q

why does blood pressure decrease as arteries branch?

A

there is more space for blood to fill

113
Q

why does blood always flow towards capillaries without much need for help

A

liquid always moves high to low pressure

114
Q

what is the normal blood pressure for a healthy person? (systole/ diastole)

A
115
Q

what are the factors that contribute to blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output
resistance

116
Q

between what two types of vessels would the largest drop in blood pressure occur in?

A

arteries to arterioles

117
Q

what is the normal range of blood pressure within capillaries?

A

20 to 40 mm Hg

118
Q

what happens if blood pressure in capillaries was too high/low?

A

rupture of these very thin vessels would occur
plasma (fluid) would excessively leave the intercellular clefts

119
Q

what is the range of venus blood pressure?

A

20 mm Hg -> to near close to 0

120
Q

even though venus blood pressure is so low, how does blood not flow backwards when on its way up to the heart through veins?

A

valves keep blood from moving backwards
respiratory and muscular pumps squeeze vessels

121
Q

what does the acronym MAP stand for/mean?

A

mean arterial pressure - another word for delta P when in reference to systemically

122
Q

what is the formula for finding MAP?

A

MAP = CO x R

123
Q

what are the three basic ways the body works to maintain constant MAP?

A

neural controls
chemical controls
renal controls

124
Q

how do neural controls generally act?

A

primarily by changing vessel diameter

125
Q

what are baroreceptors? what do they initiate? How?

A

baro- : pressure
receptors
NERVE cells that monitor pressure and initiate VASODILATION when blood pressure is high by activating parasympathetic and inhibiting sympathetic

126
Q

where can you find baroreceptors?

A

carotid sinuses
aortic arch

127
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

an example of afferent sensors: NERVE cells located near baroreceptors that activate to increase cardiac output and VASOCONSTRICTION when oxygen content or pH is low

128
Q

what is an example of efferent control within the neural controls for maintaining constant MAP?

A

vasomotor center

129
Q

what type of neurons are involved in, and where does the vasomotor center work?

A

sympathetic neurons in the medulla oblongata

130
Q

how does the vasomotor center work?

A

releases norepinephrine to cause vasoconstriction (primarily in arterioles)

131
Q

what is vasomotor tone?

A

steady, constant signal to produce constant state of slight vasoconstriction

132
Q

what are the examples of chemical controls to maintain MAP?

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
endothelin
nitric oxide

133
Q

what secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

adrenal medulla

134
Q

what does epinephrine cause to happen?

A

increases cardiac output and vasoconstriction

135
Q

what does norepinephrine cause to happen?

A

increases resistance by vasoconstriction

136
Q

where is antidiuretic hormone secreted?

A

posterior pituitary gland

137
Q

when is antidiuretic hormone released?

A

in response to low bp or high blood osmolarity

138
Q

how does antidiuretic hormone work?

A

tells kidney to make less urine. Less urine output = more fluid retention which increases blood pressure
also works as a vasoconstrictor

139
Q

where is aldosterone secreted?

A

adrenal gland

140
Q

how does aldosterone work?

A

tells kidneys to increase salt retention which = water retention = increases blood volume = increases blood pressure

141
Q

where is atrial natriuretic peptide secreted? when?

A

by cell walls of the atria in response when bp is high

142
Q

how does atrial natriuretic peptide work?

A

inhibits aldosterone = excretion of sodium = excretion of water = decrease blood pressure and blood volume
also causes vasodilation

143
Q

where is endothelin excreted?

A

endothelial cells

144
Q

how does endothelin work?

A

is released in response to ADH and Angiotensin II + more
communicates with tunica media to vasoconstrict in order to increase blood pressure

145
Q

what does the overproduction of endothelin lead to?

A

pulmonary arterial hypertension

146
Q

where is nitric oxide secreted?

A

released by endothelial cells

147
Q

how does nitric oxide work?

A

little bit is always being secreted in blood vessels in order to be the major form of vasodilation

148
Q

which are the chemical signals that contribute to raising blood pressure vs lowering it?

A
149
Q

how are renal controls different than neural or chemical controls in order to maintain MAP?

A

they are slower and more long-term adjustments instead of fast
they also work specifically to adjust blood volume?

150
Q

what is an example of indirect renal control vs direct renal control?

A
151
Q

explain the long process of Renin-angiotensin hormone cascade

A

when blood pressure drops, Renin is released by the kidneys. Angiotensinogen is found abundantly in the blood. Renin breaks down angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Blood then travels to the lungs where ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes the release of ADH and aldosterone. Both these hormones initial water retention which increase blood pressure. Angiotensin II also causes to be thirsty and vasoconstriction.

152
Q

How does urine formation directly effect the blood pressure?

A

high blood pressure causes more urine production =low blood volume = low bp = less urine = high blood volume = high blood pressure

153
Q

How do we know someone has hypotension?

A

systolic pressure is less than 100 mm HG
(healthy is 120)

154
Q

what is the danger of hypotension?

A

inadequate delivery of blood to vital organs

155
Q

what are the causes of hypotension?

A

poor nutrition (causing low RBC)
sow sympathetic nervous system (age or disease)
pregnancy (blood needs to serve more tissues as the body is making baby)

156
Q

how do you know if someone has hypertension?

A

have a bp of 140 mm Hg or greater

157
Q

what is the danger of hypertension?

A

heart works harder
blood vessels could rupture (creating atherosclerosis)

158
Q

what are the common causes for hypertension?

A

obesity
high stress
smoking
old age
heredity

159
Q

what are the three types of circulatory shock?

A

hypovolemic
vascular
cardiogenic

160
Q

what is circulatory shock?

A

any condition resulting in inadequate filling of blood vessels

161
Q

what is hypovolemic shock?

A

hypo-: insufficient
-volemic: volume of blood

major blood volume loss

162
Q

what is hypovolemic shock caused by?

A

hemorrhage
severe vomiting
diarrhea
extensive burns

163
Q

what does the body do to try to counteract hypovolemic shock? what does this produce?

A

heart rate increases to compensate for lack of cardiac output
pulse is WEAK but rapid

164
Q

what is vascular shock?

A

extreme case of vasodilation = dramatic drop in bp

165
Q

what are common causes of vascular shock?

A

anaphylactic shock
neurogenic shock
septic shock
viagra overdose

166
Q

how does anaphylactic shock = vascular shock?

A

autoimmune response causing all blood vessels to dilate throughout the body = low bp

167
Q

how does neurogenic shock = vascular shock?

A

neurogenic shock creates an inactive sympathetic nervous system = low bp

168
Q

how does spetic shock = vascular shock?

A

bacterial products IN BLOOD = low bp

169
Q

how does viagra overdose = vascular shock?

A

makes ALL vessels vasodilate, not just the ones in penis = low bp

170
Q

what is cardiogenic shock?

A

heart is unable to deliver an adequate blood supply = cardiac output decreases

171
Q

what is cardiogenic shock caused by?

A

heart failure due to myocardial infarction or heart block

172
Q
A
173
Q
A
174
Q
A

vascular shock

175
Q

what does the term perfusion mean?

A

the delivery of blood to tissues and organs

176
Q

what is the goal of the two ways our bodies autoregulate perfusion?

A

keeps the blood flow constant

177
Q

what are the two ways our bodies regulate perfusion?

A

myogenic autoregulation
metabolic regulation

178
Q

how does myogenic autoregulation work?

A

smooth muscle in tunica media of arterioles resists changes in diameter.
Automatic vasoconstriction when expansion (increased pressure) of the vessel occurs.
automatic vasodilation when blood pressure lessens through vessel

179
Q

how does metabolic regulation work?

A

accumulation of local waste (such as abundance of CO2) causes an increase of blood flow
in order to do this, vasodilation occurs and relaxation of precapillary sphincters occurs in order to increase blood flow and wash away waste products

180
Q

what are some metabolic waste examples that would cash metabolic regulation to initiate action?

A
  • accumulation of CO2, Hydrogen, potassium, lactic acid, adenosine, or nitric oxide
  • decrease in O2
181
Q
A
182
Q
A
183
Q

for autoregulation of perfusion to occur, which nervous system is used?

A

no neural input is used, just happens automatically

184
Q
A
185
Q

where does the pituitary gland rest?

A

within a hollowed out area of the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica.

Anatomy and Physiology II (12 decks)

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