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chapter 27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

weathering

A

the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface

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2
Q

soil

A

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

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3
Q

erosion

A

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

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4
Q

sediment transport

A

erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another

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5
Q

deposition

A

when the erosion agent slows down or melts it drops this sediment load

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6
Q

drainage basic

A

the land area that gathers water for a major river

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7
Q

longshore current

A

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same time?

A

Rock formations weather at different rates. It depends on the rock type and landscape.

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock type and landscape

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10
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

The two types of weathering are mechanical and chemical weathering

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11
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

Physical changes

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12
Q

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

Chemical changes

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13
Q

What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

Frost wedging
biological activity
collisions

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14
Q

What causes frost wedging?

A

Water seeps in the cracks of rocks and freezes, making the rock crack open.

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15
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

Freeze-Thaw Cycles

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16
Q

What causes biological activity? (plant and animal activity)

A

a plant can root itself and then grow, animals dig holes and cause cracks within

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17
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

rocks calling from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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18
Q

What are the two types of mechanical weathering?

A

Oxygen

water

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19
Q

Why does chemicals change due to oxygen

A

Oxidation

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20
Q

what are chemical changes due to water

A

hydrolysis

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21
Q

What is parent material?

A

the material from which soil forms

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22
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

the different layers of soil

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23
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

up to 6

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24
Q

True or false? All soils contain every soil horizon.

A

false

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25
Q

What are the specific soil horizons?

A

O, A, E, B, C, R.

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26
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain?

A

organic material

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27
Q

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

mostly minerals

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28
Q

Which layer does leaching occur?

A

horizon E

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29
Q

Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

A

horizon B

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30
Q

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

A

horizon C

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31
Q

Which layer is unweathered bedrock?

A

horizon R

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32
Q

Which soil horizons make up the topsoil?

A

O and A

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33
Q

Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

A

E and B

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34
Q

Which soil horizons make up the true soil?

A

O, A, E, B

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35
Q

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

Weathering is the breakdown of materials and erosion is the removal of surface materials

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36
Q

What happens to the speed of a river if the slope of the river decreases?

A

The speed of the river decreases.

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37
Q

What are small streams that flow into larger rivers?

A

Tributaries

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38
Q

What is the land area called that gathers water for a major river?

A

A drainage basin

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39
Q

What is the distinct boundary that separates a drainage basin?

A

Drainage divide

40
Q

When water flows downhill under the influence of gravity and erodes earth’s surface, what does it create?

A

Channels

41
Q

Young rivers create what shape due to fast movement?

A

V-shaped

42
Q

What type of rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes?

A

Mature rivers

43
Q

When rivers flood and drop their sediment load, what is formed?

A

Flood plains

44
Q

What are the fan shaped sediment deposits that form at the mouth of a river?

A

Distributaries

45
Q

What forms when a river or stream enters into dry land?

A

Alluvial fans

46
Q

What are the two types of glaciers?

A

Valley glaciers

continental glaciers

47
Q

Where do valley glaciers form?

A

Form in high, mountainous regions

48
Q

Where do continental glaciers form?

A

Large land areas in colder climates

49
Q

Where are the two continental glaciers?

A

Greenland and Antarctica

50
Q

What is a cirque

A

bowl shaped basins

51
Q

What is an arete?

A

form where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode and long, sharp ridgeline

52
Q

what is a horn

A

sharpened peaks

53
Q

what shape of valleys do valley glaciers create?

A

U shaped valleys

54
Q

What are tributary glaciers

A

Small glaciers that feed into the large glaciers

55
Q

On which side of a dune does erosion occur?

A

The windward side

56
Q

which side of the dune does deposition occur?

A

leeward side

57
Q

What is deflation?

A

the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind

58
Q

what is desert pavement?

A

When small particles are removed, it is the remaining surface

59
Q

What does the shape and sizes of landforms due to wind depend on?

A

wind speed
amount of time the wind blows
sediment supply

60
Q

what are some landforms created by wave erosion

A

coastal cliffs, sea arches, sea stacks

61
Q

what are two examples of wave deposition?

A

sand bars

sand spits

62
Q

what is a sand bar?

A

landforms that are parallel to the shoreline

63
Q

what are sand spits?

A

sandbars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape

64
Q

what can cause mass wasting?

A

snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, human activity

65
Q

infiltration

A

The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

66
Q

water table

A

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

67
Q

aquifer

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

68
Q

porosity

A

the percentage of the material’s total volume that is pore space

69
Q

absolute dating

A

the process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism

70
Q

relative dating

A

the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time.

71
Q

uniformitarianism

A

the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past.

72
Q

principle of superposition

A

in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom.

73
Q

unconformity

A

gaps in the rock record during which erosion occurred or deposition was absent

74
Q

fossil

A

the remains or traces of organisms found in the geological rock record

75
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is salt water?

A

97 percent is salt water, which is found in the oceans.

76
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?

A

3 percent

77
Q

Where is the majority of freshwater found?

A

In glaciers

78
Q

Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?

A

Lakes. rivers, and stored in groundwater

79
Q

What is precipitation?

A

When water vapor in the air cools and condenses

snow, sleet, hail. and rain

80
Q

What is runoff?

A

Water running off the land surface

81
Q

What is infiltration?

A

The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

82
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

83
Q

What is evaporation?

A

when water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

84
Q

What is condensation?

A

When water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets

85
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

precipitation, runoff, infiltration, transpiration, evaporation, condensation

86
Q

What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

a porous area where water easily passes through

87
Q

What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore space

88
Q

What is a water table

A

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

89
Q

What does it mean if sediment is permeable?

A

the material is the easier water can infiltrate through the ground

90
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

91
Q

What is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer

A

Ogallala Aquifer

92
Q

How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?

A

8

93
Q

What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through

A

South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas

94
Q

What is an aquitard?

A

where water is confined

95
Q

How are water springs formed?

A

Springs form when the water table naturally meets Earth’s surface

96
Q

What is an artesian well?

A

wells drilled into pressurized aquifers

97
Q

What is a cone of depression?

A

physical science (8 decks)

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