Chapter 27 Flashcards
The removal of surface marital through the possess of weathering
erosion
the process of rocks weathering, erosional agents like water, wind, ice eroded from one place to another
Sediment transportation
the process when the erosional agent slows down
deposition
when land areas gather water for a major river
Drainage basin
the movement of water parallel to the shore line
longshore current
the possess by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
infiltration
the upper boundary of the saturated zone
water table
A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space[
aquifer
porosity
the percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space
Weathering
the process that involves the physical breakdown of materials on earths surface
soil
a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water and air cable of supporting life on earth surface
Do rocks weather at the same rate?
no they don’t because there rock type and landscape
What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?
Rock type and landscape
What are the two types of weathering?
Chemical and Mechanical
What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?
physical changes
What type of change happens with chemical weathering?
Chemical changes
What are the three specific types of mechanical weathering?
Frost weathering, Biological activity, collision
What causes wedging?
When water water collects in cracks of a rock then freezing, after a number of “Freeze thaw cycles” the rock will break apart
What is the cycle called during frost wedging?
Freeze-thaw
What causes biological activity?
plants and animals
What causes weathering during collisions?
rock slides or rock turbulent through rivers
What is parent material?
What soil is formed from
What are the two types of chemical weathering caused by?
Oxygen and water
What is the chemical process called that caused by oxygen?
oxidation
What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?
hydrolysis
What are soil horizons?
All the different layers of soil
How many soil horizons are there?
Six
True or false. All soils contain every soil horizon?
False
What are the specific soil horizons?
O, A, E, B, C, R
What does the first soil horizon contain?
Organic material
What is the second horizon made up of?
minerals
Which layer does leaching contain?
Horizon E
Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?
Horizon B
Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?
Horizon c
Which layer is unweathwered bed rock?
Horizon R
Which soil horizons make up top soil?
Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?
O
Which soil horizons make up the true soil?
O a b c
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
Weathering is the breakdown of materials
erosion is the removal of surface materials
if the slope of a river decreases what happens to the speed of the river
decreases
Small streams that flow into larger rivers are called ___________
Tributaries
Land area that gathers water for a major river is called a ________
drainage basin
A boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called a _____________
Drainage divide
As water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth’s surface creating __________
channels
Young rivers are ___________ due to the fast movement
V-shaped
__________ rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes
Mature
When rivers flood and drop their sediment load which type of land flow is created?
Flood Plains
What is a fan shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of a river
Delta
What are distributes?
the branch form deltas
What land form forms where the mouth of the river or stream enters dry land?
Alluvial Fans
What are the two types of glaciers?
Valley glaciers and Continental glaciers
Where do valley glaciers form?
Form in high, mountainous regions
Where do continental glaciers form?
Form in colder climates and take up large areas
Where are the two continental located?
One in Greenland and one in Antarctica
What is a cirque?
Bowl shaped basin
What is an arete?
Where a long sharp ridge line between two tributary glaciers
What is a horn in a mountains region?
the sharpens peaks
What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?
U shaped
What are tributary glaciers?
The small glaciers that feed into large glaciers
What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?
hanging valley
Which side of the sand dune does erosion occur?
windward side
which side of a sand dune does deposition occur?
leeward
what is deflation
the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind
what is desert pavement?
When small particles are removed, the remaining surface
what do the shapes and sizes of land forms do to wind depend on?
wind speed
amount of time the wind blows
sediment supply
what are three land forms that are created due to wave erosion?
Coastal cliffs
sea stacks
sea arches
What are two landforms that are created by wave deposition?
Sand bars and, sand splits
What is a sand bar?
Landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
what are sand splits?
simallier to sandbars except they curve back to the land
What can cause land wasting?
Snow
heavey rains
earthquakes
human activity
What are examples of land wasting?
Rock slides
mud flows
landslides
The process of assigning a exact numerical age to an organism or an event
Absolute Dating
the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time
relative Dating
states that the laws of nature operate today as they did in the past
Unformitarianism
states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers the youngest will be at the top and the oldest will be at the bottom
Principal of superposition
gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent
uncomformity
the remains or traces of organisms found in geological rock record
Fossil
What is the percentage of water on the earth is salt?
97%
What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?
3%
Where is the majority of freshwater found?
2% is found in glaciers
1% is found in lakes, rivers, and ground water
Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?
1% is found in lakes, rivers, and ground water
What is precipitation?
When water vapor in the air cools and condenses
forms rain snow sleet and hail
What is runoff?
Water runs off the land surface
What is infiltration?
The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
What is transpiration?
When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves
What is evaporation?
Water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
What is condensation?
When water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules ton form water droplets
What is the water cycle?
Where water on the land goes into the atmosphere and returns back to land
What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?
A porous area where water easily passes through
What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?Where water completely fills the pore space
What is a water table?
The upper boundary of the saturated zone
What does it mean if sediment is permeable?
The more permeable the sediment is the easier the water can pass through
What is an aquifer?
A rock unit that can transfer water through it’s pore space
What is the name of the Great Plains aquifer?
Ogallala Aquifer
How many states does the great Plains Aquifer run through?
Eight
What are the names of the states the states that the great plains aquifer run through?
South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas
What is an aquitard?
a impermeable layer of sediment that holds water
How are the water springs formed?
where the water table naturally meets earth’s surface
What is an artesian well?
when we drill down into pressurized aqiffers
What is the cone of depression?
the direction that the water flows down toward the well
