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Physical Science > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

The removal of surface marital through the possess of weathering

A

erosion

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2
Q

the process of rocks weathering, erosional agents like water, wind, ice eroded from one place to another

A

Sediment transportation

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3
Q

the process when the erosional agent slows down

A

deposition

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4
Q

when land areas gather water for a major river

A

Drainage basin

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5
Q

the movement of water parallel to the shore line

A

longshore current

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6
Q

the possess by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

A

infiltration

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7
Q

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

A

water table

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8
Q

A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space[

A

aquifer

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9
Q

porosity

A

the percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space

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10
Q

Weathering

A

the process that involves the physical breakdown of materials on earths surface

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11
Q

soil

A

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water and air cable of supporting life on earth surface

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12
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

no they don’t because there rock type and landscape

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13
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock type and landscape

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14
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

Chemical and Mechanical

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15
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

physical changes

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16
Q

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

Chemical changes

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17
Q

What are the three specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

Frost weathering, Biological activity, collision

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18
Q

What causes wedging?

A

When water water collects in cracks of a rock then freezing, after a number of “Freeze thaw cycles” the rock will break apart

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19
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

Freeze-thaw

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20
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

plants and animals

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21
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

rock slides or rock turbulent through rivers

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22
Q

What is parent material?

A

What soil is formed from

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23
Q

What are the two types of chemical weathering caused by?

A

Oxygen and water

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24
Q

What is the chemical process called that caused by oxygen?

A

oxidation

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25
What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?
hydrolysis
26
What are soil horizons?
All the different layers of soil
27
How many soil horizons are there?
Six
28
True or false. All soils contain every soil horizon?
False
29
What are the specific soil horizons?
O, A, E, B, C, R
30
What does the first soil horizon contain?
Organic material
31
What is the second horizon made up of?
minerals
32
Which layer does leaching contain?
Horizon E
33
Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?
Horizon B
34
Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?
Horizon c
35
Which layer is unweathwered bed rock?
Horizon R
36
Which soil horizons make up top soil?
37
Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?
O
38
Which soil horizons make up the true soil?
O a b c
39
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
Weathering is the breakdown of materials | erosion is the removal of surface materials
40
if the slope of a river decreases what happens to the speed of the river
decreases
41
Small streams that flow into larger rivers are called ___________
Tributaries
42
Land area that gathers water for a major river is called a ________
drainage basin
43
A boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called a _____________
Drainage divide
44
As water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth's surface creating __________
channels
45
Young rivers are ___________ due to the fast movement
V-shaped
46
__________ rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes
Mature
47
When rivers flood and drop their sediment load which type of land flow is created?
Flood Plains
48
What is a fan shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of a river
Delta
49
What are distributes?
the branch form deltas
50
What land form forms where the mouth of the river or stream enters dry land?
Alluvial Fans
51
What are the two types of glaciers?
Valley glaciers and Continental glaciers
52
Where do valley glaciers form?
Form in high, mountainous regions
53
Where do continental glaciers form?
Form in colder climates and take up large areas
54
Where are the two continental located?
One in Greenland and one in Antarctica
55
What is a cirque?
Bowl shaped basin
56
What is an arete?
Where a long sharp ridge line between two tributary glaciers
57
What is a horn in a mountains region?
the sharpens peaks
58
What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?
U shaped
59
What are tributary glaciers?
The small glaciers that feed into large glaciers
60
What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?
hanging valley
61
Which side of the sand dune does erosion occur?
windward side
62
which side of a sand dune does deposition occur?
leeward
63
what is deflation
the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind
64
what is desert pavement?
When small particles are removed, the remaining surface
65
what do the shapes and sizes of land forms do to wind depend on?
wind speed amount of time the wind blows sediment supply
66
what are three land forms that are created due to wave erosion?
Coastal cliffs sea stacks sea arches
67
What are two landforms that are created by wave deposition?
Sand bars and, sand splits
68
What is a sand bar?
Landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
69
what are sand splits?
simallier to sandbars except they curve back to the land
70
What can cause land wasting?
Snow heavey rains earthquakes human activity
71
What are examples of land wasting?
Rock slides mud flows landslides
72
The process of assigning a exact numerical age to an organism or an event
Absolute Dating
73
the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time
relative Dating
74
states that the laws of nature operate today as they did in the past
Unformitarianism
75
states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers the youngest will be at the top and the oldest will be at the bottom
Principal of superposition
76
gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent
uncomformity
77
the remains or traces of organisms found in geological rock record
Fossil
78
What is the percentage of water on the earth is salt?
97%
79
What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?
3%
80
Where is the majority of freshwater found?
2% is found in glaciers | 1% is found in lakes, rivers, and ground water
81
Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?
1% is found in lakes, rivers, and ground water
82
What is precipitation?
When water vapor in the air cools and condenses forms rain snow sleet and hail
83
What is runoff?
Water runs off the land surface
84
What is infiltration?
The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
85
What is transpiration?
When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves
86
What is evaporation?
Water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
87
What is condensation?
When water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules ton form water droplets
88
What is the water cycle?
Where water on the land goes into the atmosphere and returns back to land
89
What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?
A porous area where water easily passes through
90
What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?Where water completely fills the pore space
91
What is a water table?
The upper boundary of the saturated zone
92
What does it mean if sediment is permeable?
The more permeable the sediment is the easier the water can pass through
93
What is an aquifer?
A rock unit that can transfer water through it's pore space
94
What is the name of the Great Plains aquifer?
Ogallala Aquifer
95
How many states does the great Plains Aquifer run through?
Eight
96
What are the names of the states the states that the great plains aquifer run through?
South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas
97
What is an aquitard?
a impermeable layer of sediment that holds water
98
How are the water springs formed?
where the water table naturally meets earth's surface
99
What is an artesian well?
when we drill down into pressurized aqiffers
100
What is the cone of depression?
the direction that the water flows down toward the well

Physical Science (7 decks)

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