Chapter 26: Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards
What is the recommended intake of the nutrient sodium?
1.5 g/day
________ are rapidly oxidized so they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient.
carbohydrates
What are the components of ab ATP molecule?
Adenine, ribose and phosphate.
For each mineral, provide its role in the body: Chloride Sodium Magnesium Calcium and Phosphorous Iron
Cl= in stomach acid Na= action potentials Mg= cofactor for enzymes Ca/P= bone salts Iron= hemoglobin, myoglobin
What happens, in the correct order, in cellular respiration?
- Glycolysis
- Transition reastion (formation of acetyl CoA)
- Citric acid cycle
- Electron transport chain
The __________ of the brain controls body temp by initiating heat-conserving pr heat-loss mechanisms.
Hypothalamus
Most dietary carbohydrates come from ______.
plants
Which major macromolecule consists of glycerol and fatty acids?
Triglycerides
When is deamination necessary?
- when using protein for fuel
- when using protein for gluconeogenesis
The process of _______ is the addition of an amino group to a molecule.
amination
What are the products of complete glucose catabolism (oxidation)?
Water, ATP, and carbon dioxide.
List 4 examples of essential nutrients.
Minerals, water, most vitamins, and calcium.
In the absence of oxygen, ATP is produced via anaerobic _________.
fermentation
___________ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.
transamination
In a day, _____% of calories should be from carbohydrates.
50-60
What is jaundice?
yellowing of skin/eyes due to buildup of bilirubin. liver disorder
What is cirrhosis?
Irreversible inflammatory disease of the liver with scarring
What is hepatitis?
Inflammation of the liver, usually viral
What is glycogenolysis?
breakdown of glycogen
What are examples of polysaccharides?
cellulose, glycogen and starch
Fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon acetyl groups during the process called __________.
beta oxidation
Glycolysis occurs in the ______ of the cell.
Cytoplasm
Based on their structure, sucrose, lactose, and maltose are from the group of carbohydrates called?
disaccharides.
What is lipolysis?
breakdown of glycogen
What molecule functions as a universal energy transfer molecule?
ATP
The process called _____ is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as fats and amino acids.
gluconeogenesis
What are the reasons that fat is superior to carbohydrates for energy storage?
- more compact energy storage substance (more energy/g)
- hydrophobic and contains almost no water.
For several hours during and after a meal, you are in the ______ state.
absorptive
The term _____ refers to the synthesis of fats
lipogenesis
Which compounds is cholesterol a precursor of?
bile acids, estrogen,testosterone, and vitamin d.
What is the cellular location of the Krebs cycle?
mitochondria
What factors are involved in the process of protein synthesis?
deoxyribose nucleic acids, ribosomes, messenger RNA and transfer RNA.
What is the specific term that described homeostatic regulation of the body temp within a narrow range?
THermoregulation
Vitamins are classified as water-soluble or ___-soluble.
fat
What are the number of net ATP yielded during each phase of aerobic respiration?
- citric acid cycle= 2 ATP
- Electron transport chain= 32 ATP
- Glycolysis=2 ATP
A carbohydrate molecule comprised of many glucose monomers is a ______.
polysaccharide
