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Biology Final > Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?Wh

A
  • fluid recovery (2-4L/day)
  • Immunity
  • Lipid absorption (lacteals)
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2
Q

Where do lymphs originate from?

A

tissue fluid

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3
Q

What does a lymph look like?

A

like plasma, clear, colourless, but less protein. contain lymphatic capillaries

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4
Q

What do lymphatic vessels look like?

A

similar to veins, thin-walled, little muscle, but have more valves.

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5
Q

What is the path of flow of lymphatic vessels?

A

Capillaries–>Collecting vessels through lymph nodes–>6 lymphatic trunks–>2 collecting ducts

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6
Q

What drains the right arm, thorax, head, and into the right subclavian vein?

A

the right lymphatic duct

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7
Q

What drains all the lower body and into the left subclavian vein?

A

Thoracic duct

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8
Q

What are the different types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells, B cells, Natural Killer Cells (NK)

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9
Q

What are the different lymphatic cells?>

A

lymphocytes(tcells, bcells, nk), macrophages, dendritic cells, and reticular cells

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10
Q

What are T cells?

A 
T Lymphoctyes (T cells)- mature lymphocytes in the thymus, and later depend on thymic hormones. 
T stands for thymus-dependent
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11
Q

What are B cells?

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)- lymphocytes that differentiate into plasma cells- connective tissue cells that secrete antibodies.

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12
Q

What are Natural Killer Cells?

A

large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissues, and host cells (cells of own body) that have either become infected with viruses or turned cancerous.

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13
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

macrophage-like cells localized in the tissue and lymph organs

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14
Q

What are reticular cells?

A

framework of the lymph organs

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15
Q

What are the 2 main types of lymphatic tissues?

A
  1. Diffuse lymphatic tissue- scattered lymphatic cells in passages that are open to the exterior
  2. Lymphatic nodule tissues- clumps of lymphocytes, transient
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16
Q

What are the different types of lymphatic organs?

A

red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, and the spleen.

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17
Q

What does red bone marrow produce?

A

lymphocytes and all other formed elements

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18
Q

What lymphatic organ is larger in children than adults?

A

thymus

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19
Q

The cortex of the thymus is the site of what?

A

site of lymphocyte maturation

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20
Q

The reticular epithelial cells of the thymus create what and why?

A

create blood thymus barrier to isolate cortex

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21
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A
  • cleanses lymph

- signal immune system about pathogens

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22
Q

What do afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels do?

A

afferent vessels move blood in

efferent vessels move blood out

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23
Q

Where are lymph nodes most concentrated?

A

groin, axillary, and cervical areas

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24
Q

What is considered the ‘guard entry to pharynx’?

A

tonsils

25
Q

The deep tonsillar crypts surrounded by what?

A

lymphatic capsules

26
Q

Where and how many tonsils are there?

A

1 pharyngeal, 2 palatine and numerous lingual

27
Q

What is red and white pulp in the spleen full of?

A

red pulp- sinuses full of erythrocytes

white pulp- full of leukocytes

28
Q

What are the functions of spleen?

A
  • erythrocyte graveyard
  • erythropoiesis in fetus and children
  • cleanse blood
29
Q

What are the different types of nonspecific resistance?

A
  1. external barrier
  2. leukocytes and macrophages
  3. antimicrobial proteins
  4. immune surveillance
  5. fever
  6. inflammation
30
Q

What are the external barriers of nonspecific resistance?

A

skin and mucous membranes

31
Q

How do neutrophils kill bacteria?

A

through digestion, phagocytosis and respiratory bursts

32
Q

What eosinophils in the mucous membranes destroys what?

A

parasites and allergens

33
Q

What do eosinophils phagocytize and why?

A

Antigen-antibody complexes to limit the action of histamine

34
Q

What do eosinophils in the mucous membrane stimulate?

A

basophils and mast cells to release chemicals (heparin)

35
Q

What do basophils secrete?

A

histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant)

36
Q

What is the percentage of each of the different lymphocytes?

A 
t cells (80%), b cells (15%) and NK (5%)
involved in specific immunity and immune surveillance
37
Q

What are the different types of antimicrobial proteins?

A

interferons and complement proteins

38
Q

What do interferons secrete and why?

A

secrete from host cells infected with virus to:

  • attract NK cells and macrophages that will kill the infected cell
  • alert other cells about potential viral attack
  • inhibit viral replication
39
Q

What are complement proteins activated by?

A

-Classical Pathways and alternative pathways(bind directly to a pathogen)

40
Q

What are the actions of complement proteins?

A
  1. Inflammation- CPs activate mast cells and histamine
  2. Immune clearance-CPs bind Ab-Ag complexes to RBC to go to spleen
  3. Phagocytosis-CPs mark pathogens to macrophages
  4. Cytolysis (leaky hole)-CPs form membrane attack complex that forms a hole
41
Q

NK are the immune surveillance. They patrol the body and attack host cells that are what?

A
  • infected with viruses
  • precancerous cells
  • cells of transplanted organs/ tissue, etc
  • bacteria
42
Q

NK cells bind to enemy cells and release what? what does this cause?

A

Releases perforins and granzymes (destroy cellular enzymes) –> death of enemy cells

43
Q

What are the benefits of a fever?

A
  • promotes interferon secretion
  • increases metabolic rate and accelerate tissue repair
  • inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses
44
Q

How does a fever occur?

A

macrophages and neutrophils secrete pyrogens (eg. interleuki-1) –>acts on HYP–> increases temp set point

45
Q

What is cytokine?

A

general term for any molecule secreted by one cell to communicate with another

46
Q

Specific immunity is characterized by what?

A

specificity and memory of pathogens

47
Q

What are the different forms of immunity?

A

-Cellular (cell-mediated) vs.
Humoral (antibody-mediated) AND
-Active (body makes its own antibodies) vs.
Passive (antibodies from outside the body) AND
-Natural vs.
Artificial (injected)

48
Q

Explain Natural Active immunity.

A

Ag enters the body naturally;

body develops own Ab and memory cells

49
Q

Explain Artificial Active immunity.

A

Ag (antigen) enters the body artificially;

body develops own Ab and memory cells

50
Q

Explain Natural Passive immunity.

A

Ab enters the body naturally

eg. breast feeding, placenta

51
Q

Explain Artificial Passive immunity.

A

Ab enters the body artificially

eg. anti-venom, rabies vaccine

52
Q

What are antigens?

A

(Ag) any molecule that triggers an immune response

53
Q

Where are t cells made and where do they mature?

A

born in red bone marrow and mature in the thymus

54
Q

What happens to T cells that react to themselves?

A

they die= clonal deletion

55
Q

Which cells are involved in cellular immunity?

A
  1. Cytotoxic T cells (T^c or CD8)= KILL
  2. Helper T cells (T^h or CD4)= HELP
  3. Regulatory T cells= BRAKE
  4. Memory T cells (T^m) from T^c cells
56
Q

What are the 3 stages of both cellular and humoral immunity?

A
  1. recognition
  2. attack
  3. memory
57
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of the attack stage of humoral immunity>?

A
  1. Neutralization- active site of pathogen in covered
  2. Complement fixation
    - inflammation
    - immune clearance
    - phagocytosis
    - cytosis
  3. Aggutination- of Ag-Ab complex
  4. Precipitation- Ag forms an insoluble globule phagocytized by eosinophils
58
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary responses of the memory stage of humoral immunity?

A

primary- slow to peak (15 days) and not very strong (low Ab titer)
Secondary-faster (3 days) and stronger response

Biology Final (10 decks)

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