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Biology Final > Chapter 20: Blood Vessels and Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Blood Vessels and Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

arteries, veins, and capillaries

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2
Q

Artery and vein walls are made up of what 3 layers?

A
  1. Tunica interna
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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3
Q

Which tunica is the thickest?

A

Tunica Media

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4
Q

Explain the anatomy of the tunica interna.

A
  • endothelium made of Simple Squamous Epithelium
  • selectively permeable barrier
  • secretes chemicals to attract or repel formed elements
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5
Q

Explain the anatomy of the Tunica media.

A
  • smooth mucle (changes the diameter of the vessel)
  • collagen
  • elastic tissue in arteries
  • provides vasomotion and strength to vessel
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6
Q

Explain the anatomy of the Tunica externa,

A
  • loose CT anchors vessel to tissue

- vasa vasorum supplies large vessel walls

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7
Q

What are the different types of arteries?

A
  • Conducting arteries
  • Distributing arteries (“off ramp”)
  • Resistance arteries
  • Metarterioles
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8
Q

What types of arteries are the largest and the smallest?

A

largest- conducting arteries

smallest- metarterioles

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9
Q

Conducting arteries are thick enough to require its own blood supply called what?

A

Vasa vasorum

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10
Q

Why do conducting arteries have elastic tissue?

A

for stretch and recoil

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11
Q

What type of artery is the common carotid?

A

conducting artery

another is the aorta!

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12
Q

Elastic tissue, smooth muscle, and collagen are in the tunica media of which type of arteries?

A

Conducting arteries

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13
Q

Distributing arteries have more muscle then what type of tissue?

A

elastic tissue

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14
Q

Where do distributing arteries bring blood?

A

to organs after which they are named. eg. brachial, femoral, renal

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15
Q

Resistance arteries come in 2 sizes, larger and smaller. explain the difference.

A

Bigger one have lots more muscle

Smaller ones are ARTERIOLES (thin layer of smooth muscle tissue)

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16
Q

Which tunica layer is the smallest in resistance arteries?

A

tunica externa

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17
Q

What is the function of resistance arteries?

A

vasomotion

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18
Q

What do metarterioles link?

A

arterioles and capillary beds

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19
Q

In metarterioles, the tunica media is not continuous, instead there are individual smooth muscle cells from the precapillary sphincter that does what?

A

encircle entrance to one capillary and control flow of blood to capillaries

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20
Q

What do arterial sense organs do?

A

regulate HR, vasomotion and respiratory rates.

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21
Q

What are the 2 atrial sense receptors?

A

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

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22
Q

What do baroreceptors sense and where are they located?

A

Blood pressure sensors

located in carotid sinuses and aortic arch

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23
Q

Why do baroreceptors have thin-walled tunica medias?

A

so that it stretches easily when BP increases

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24
Q

In baroreceptors, the glossopharyngeal nerve fibers in the tunica externa stimulates and sends messages to what?

A
  • Cardioacceleratory or cardioinhibitory centers to change HR
  • Vasomotor centers to change vessel diameter (vasomotion)
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25
Q

If BP decreases, baroreceptors will send signals to where?

A
  • cardioacceleratory center to increase HR

- vasomotor centers to vasoconstrict vessels in the digestive, urinary, reproductive systems to increase BP

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26
Q

What do chemoreceptors sense and where are they located?

A

pH sensors in carotid bodies, aortic bodies, and medulla.

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27
Q

What are capillaries made of?

A

thin wall of simple squamous epithelium and basement membrane

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28
Q

Capillaries are considered the site of what?

A

site of exchanging nutrients/wastes, oxygen/carbon dioxide with tissue fluid

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29
Q

What is the average diameter of a capillary?

A

7um

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30
Q

What are the different types of capillaries?

A
  • continuous capillaries
  • fenestrated capillaries
  • sinusoids (not a cap. bed)
  • capillary beds
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31
Q

What are veins?

A

Capacitance vessels- 54% of all the blood

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32
Q

What are the different types of veins?

A 
postcapillary venules
muscular venules
medium veins
venous sinus 
large veins
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33
Q

Where is the site of leukoctye movement into tissues from blood?

A

postcapillary venules

34
Q

What is the function postcapillary venules?

A

receives blood from capillaries

it is very porous so exchange of materials with tissue fluid occurs.

35
Q

What are venous sinuses?

A

cavities that collect venous blood

36
Q

What is a simple pathway circulatory route?

A

heart –> arteries –> capillaries –> veins –> heart

blood flows thru ONE network of capillaries

37
Q

What is a portal system circulatory route?

A

blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary beds

38
Q

Explain the circulatory route of the hepatic portal system.

A

Blood to intestines –> capillary bed in intestines –> hepatic portal vein –> capillary bed in the liver –> veins back to heart

39
Q

What is the arteriovenous anastomosis circulatory route?

A

blood flows directly into vein- bypasses capillary bed (SHUNT)
eg. hands and feet

40
Q

What is the atrial or venous anastomosis circulatory route?

A

one artery to another or one vein to another
provides alternate routes for blood flow
eg. coronary circulation

41
Q

What is the usual cardiac output (CO)?

A

5.2L/min

42
Q

How do you calculate Blood flow and perfusion?

A

blood flow = volume of blood/min (mL/min)

perfusion = blood flow per g tissue (mL/min/g)

43
Q

Regional blood flow varies in most tissues except ______.

A

the brain

44
Q

Blood flow is determined by the interactions between what 2 things?

A

pressure and resistance

45
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the force that the blood exerts on a vessel wall

measured in mm Hg

46
Q

What are the 2 pressures recorded when taking your blood pressure?

A

Systolic: peak arterial during ventricular contraction (120)
Diastolic: minimum arterial during relaxation (75)

47
Q

How do you measure Pulse Pressure?

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

120mm Hg - 75mm Hg = 45mm Hg

48
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

measure of stress exerted on small arteries by the sressure surges generated by the heart

49
Q

How do you measure the mean arterial pressure?

A

Diastolic pressure + (Pulse pressure/3)
75mm Hg + (45mm Hg/3) = 90mm Hg
Pulse Pressure=systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
120mm Hg - 75mm Hg = 45mm Hg

50
Q

What is hypertension?

A

chronic resting BP higher than 140/90

51
Q

What is hypotension?

A

chronically low resting BP

52
Q

What are the determinants of BP?

A

1.Cardiac output (CO) -regulated by SV, HR
2.Blood volume- regulated in kidneys
3.Resistance to flow-(friction of blood against walls)
-regulated by blood viscosity, vessel
length and vessel radius

53
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

the resistance that the blood encounters as it flows away from the heart

54
Q

What is Afterload?

A

the pressure in arteries just outside semilunar valves

55
Q

If the afterload increases then blood has a hard time flowing out of the heart creating what?

A

increased resistance

56
Q

What determines the bloods viscosity?

A

albumin concentration and erythrocytes

57
Q

If the blood viscosity increases, the resistance increases and flow decreases. what is this an example of?

A

Dehydration

58
Q

Why is the aorta have fast flow compared to the slow flow of the capillaries?

A

River(aorta) dumping into a lake(capillaries)

  • increased vessel length (moving further away from heart)
  • decreased radius of the vessel
  • increased total area of all vessels
  • aortic blood is distributed over a greater total area
59
Q

Why are capillaries blood flow slow compared to the faster flow of veins?

A

Lake (capillaries) dumping into a river(vein)

  • increased radius of the vessel
  • decreased total area of all vessels
  • large amount of blood forced into smaller channel
60
Q

What regulates BP and flow?

A
  1. local control
  2. neural control
  3. hormonal control
61
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

ability of tissues to regular their own blood supply

62
Q

What is reactive hyperemia?

A

blood supply to tissues is cut off then restored above normal level of flow

63
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

new growth of blood vessels

eg. monthly regrowth of lining of uterus, increased capillaries in muscles of athletes.

64
Q

Neural control is regulathe ted by what part of the nervous system?

A

autonomic nervous system

65
Q

Baroreflex is a homeostatic negative feedback loop. what are the control centers for HR and for peripheral resistance?

A

HR- cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centers

peripheral resistance- vasomotion center

66
Q

What are the effectors for HR and peripheral resistance of baroreflexs?

A

HR- sympathetic or parasympathetic outflow to SA node

Peripheral resistance- smooth muscle of arteries= vasomotion

67
Q

For the chemoreflex, what is the control centers for HR and peripheral resistance?

A

HR- respiratory centers

Peripheral resistance- vasomotor centers

68
Q

What are the 3 types of reflexes within neural control?

A

baroreflex, chemoreflex, and medullary ischemic reflex

69
Q

What are the 3 types of capillary exchange?

A
  1. diffusion
  2. transcytosis
  3. filtration and reabsorption
70
Q

What can diffuse through plasma membrane of endothelial cells?

A

O2, CO2, small lipids

71
Q

How do larger molecules that cant diffuse through plasma membrane get out of endothelial cells?

A

move through membrane channels, intercellular clefts, or fenestrations
eg. glucose, electrolytes (salt)

72
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

droplets that travel through endothelial cell in a vesicle

  • pinocytosis on one side, then exocytosis on the other
    eg. fatty acids, insulin, albumin
73
Q

The net filtration of the kidney is due to what?

A

to high hydrostatic pressure (glomeruli)

74
Q

The net reabsorption of the lungs is due to what?

A

to low hydrostatic pressure

-so fluid doesnt fill air spaces

75
Q

What is edema?

A

accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue (swelling)

occurs when filtration>reabsorption

76
Q

Where does systemic and Pulmonary edema occur?

A

systemic- tissues

pulmonary- lungs

77
Q

What are the 3 causes of edema?

A
  1. increased capillary filtration
  2. decreased capillary reabsorption
  3. obstructed lymph drainage
78
Q

What are the ;mechanisms of venous return>?

A
  1. Pressure gradient (*most important mechanism)
  2. Gravity
  3. Skeletal muscle pump
  4. Respiratory pump
  5. Cardiac suction
79
Q

What are the 2 types of circulatory shock that occur when CO doesnt meet metabolic needs?

A
  1. Cardiogenic shock
    • due to decreased pumping of the heart
  2. Low venous return (LVR) shock
80
Q

What are the 3 types of low venous return (LVR) shocks?

A
  1. hypervolemic shock
  2. obstructed venous return shock
  3. venous pooling shock
81
Q

What are the 2 responses to circulatory shock?

A
  1. compensated shock- homeostatic mechanisms return CO to normal
  2. Decompensated shock-positive feedback loop-life threatening
82
Q

There are 3 places in which there are special circulatory routes, what are they?

A

Brain, Lungs, and Skeletal muscles

Biology Final (10 decks)

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