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Biology Final > Chapter 22: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 22: The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A
  • ventilation of the lungs (breathing)=air in and out
  • exchange of gases=lungs (air) –> Blood–> tissue
  • cellular respiration in tissues
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2
Q

What are the 7 functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. O2/CO2 exchange
  2. communication: speech and other vocalization (laughing, crying)
  3. Sensory input: smell
  4. Regulation of pH via elimmination of CO2
  5. Activation of the hormone Angiotension II
  6. Promotes venous and lymph return during breathing
  7. Expel content of abdominal cavity
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3
Q

What are the different divisions of the respiratory system?

A

conducting and respiratory divisions

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4
Q

What is the conduction division of the respiratory system?

A

passages that serve for only airflow (nostril –> bronchioles)

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5
Q

What is the respiratory division of the respiratory system?

A

alveoli and gas exchange regions

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6
Q

What consists of both the upper and lower respiratory tracts?

A

Upper (nose–>larynx) Lower (trachea–>lungs)

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7
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

warms, cleanses, and humidifies air

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8
Q

List the different structures within the nose.

A

Bones, cartilage forming walls, roof, floor, septum

3 conchae= tubinate bones and mucous membranes

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9
Q

What do each of the mucosas contain within the nose?

A 
olfactory mucosa (on roof) contains olfactory neurons
respiratory mucosa (elsewhere) contains pseudostratified epithelium tissues
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10
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A muscular funnel extending abour 13cm from posterior nasal apertures to larynx.

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11
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx

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12
Q

What is the nasopharynx region of the pharynx?

A 
distal to posterior nasal apertures. 
receives auditory (eustachian) tubes from middle ear and houses the pharyngeal tonsil.
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13
Q

What is the oropharynx region?

A

space between posterior margin of soft plate and epiglottis.

houses palatine and lingual tonsils

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14
Q

What is the laryngopharynx region?

A

lays mostly posterior to larynx, extending from the superior margin of the epiglottis to the inferior margin of the cricoid cartilage.

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15
Q

What type of epithelium does each region of the pharynx have?

A

Nasopharynx- Pseudostratified epithelium
Oropharynx- Stratified epithelium
Laryngopharynx- Stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

What organ is called the ‘voice box’?

A

larynx

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17
Q

What is the primary function of the larynx?

A

to keep food and drink out of airway

-evolved to produce sound (phonation)

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18
Q

What is the epiglottis and what does it do?

A

the superior opening of larynx. a guarding flap that is pulled down to block trachea during swallowing

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19
Q

What muscles act of the epiglottis?

A

extrinsic muscles

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20
Q

What are the 7 cartilages of the larynx in order from top to bottom?

A
  1. Epiglottic Cartilages
  2. Thyroid Cartilages
  3. Cricoid Cartilages
  4. Arytenoid Cartilages (x2)
  5. Corniculate Cartilages
  6. Cuneiform Cartilages
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21
Q

What makes up the ‘box’ of the voice box?

A

Thyroid and cricoid cartilages

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22
Q

What is the glottis?

A

the opening between vocal cords

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23
Q

What are vocal cords?

A

inferior cords that produce sound when air passes between them.

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24
Q

What is the function of the superior vestibular folds?

A

block entry to trachea

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25
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles do?

A

they move the 2 arytenoid cartilages during speech

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26
Q

What do the rings of the trachea look like?

A

c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings with trachealis muscle linking the 2 ends to create a ring

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27
Q

What is the most important function of the trachealis muscle?

A

contracts to regulate airflow

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28
Q

What type of epithelium does the trachea have?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium composed of mainly mucus-secreting goblet cells,ciliated cells, and short basal stem cells

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29
Q

What lines the larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree?

A

musosiliary escalator- mechanism of debris removal of inhaled particles through upward beating of cilia.

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30
Q

Why is there a difference in size in the right and left lung?

A

right- shorter due to liver, has 3 lobes

left- longer due to heart, has 2 lobes

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31
Q

What do bronchioles consist of?

A

smooth muscle, they have no cartilage and are 1mm

32
Q

What is a portion of the lung that is ventilated by one bronchiole?

A

pulmonary lobule

33
Q

What does each bronchiole branch into?

A

50-80 terminal bronchioles (have cilia, no mucous)

34
Q

What does each terminal bronchiole branch into?

A

2 or more smaller respiratory bronchioles (no more cilia)

35
Q

What does each respiratory bronchiole branch into?

A

2-10 alveolar ducts at the end of the alveolar sacs

36
Q

How many alveoli are in each lung?

A

150 million!!!

37
Q

What the difference between type I and type II alveolars?

A

type I alveolar= simple squamous, makes most of the respiratory membrane
type II alveolar= cuboidal epithelium, secretes surfactant (prevents collapse of alveoli)

38
Q

What are the 2 pleurae of the respiratory system and what do they attach to?

A
  1. Parietal pleura- attaches to ribs

2. Visceral Pleura- attached to lungs

39
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

space between parietal and visceral pleurae, tightly adhered to lungs (does not contain lung)

40
Q

What are the functions of the pleura?

A
  1. Reduce friction
  2. Create pressure gradient
  3. Compartmentalization
41
Q

What is the respiratory cycle?

A

one complete cycle of inspiration and expiration

42
Q

Which muscles are considered respiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals, and accessory muscles
Accessory muscles=
-inspiration: erector spinae, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis
-expiration: abdominals, latissimus dorsi, pelvic muscle

43
Q

Explain the difference in the diaphragm when it is relaxed and contracted.

A

Relaxed= Dome-shaped
Volume of thoracic cavity is small
Pressure in throracic cavity is high
Air flows out
Contracted=Fflat
Volume of thoracic cavity is increased
Pressure in thoracic cavity is low
Air flows in

44
Q

What to the external intercostals do when they are contracted?

A

pull ribs up and out, and increase volume of thoracic cavity.

45
Q

What are the accessory muscles functions?

A

they act during quiet inspiration but mostly during FORCED in and out eg. during exercise

46
Q

Why is neural control of ventilation more important than for heart rate?

A

Diaphragm is a skeletal muscle; must receive neural stimulation to contract; cardiac muscle is myogenic

47
Q

What is the automatic, unconscious cycle of breathing controlled by?

A

Brainstem Respiratory Centers=

  1. Ventral respiratory group,
  2. Dorsal respiratory group,
  3. Pontine respiratory group
48
Q

What is the primary generator of respiratory rhythm?

A

ventral respiratory group

49
Q

The ventral respiratory group has inspiratory (I) and expiratory (E) neurons that do what?

A

I neurons fire for 2sec, singals the diaphragm to contract via intercostal muscles.
E neurons fire and inhibit the I’s for 3sec–>rate of quiet breathing is 12breaths/min

50
Q

What is the function of the dorsal respiratory group?

A

modifies the VRG (ventral respiratory group) when respiration rate and depth must change

51
Q

What variable regulates respiratory rate?

A

sensory receptors

52
Q

What is the function of the pontine respiratory group?

A

gives input to DRG and VRG from the brain

eg. for sleep, exercise, vocalization, emotional responses

53
Q

Which central and peripheral sensory receptors provide input to the respiratory centers? what do they provide?

A
  1. central chemoreceptors-sense pH in CSF in medulla
  2. peripheral chemoreceptors-sense pH of blood
  3. stretch receptors- signal DRG (in bronchi and bronchioles
  4. Irritant receptors- signal DRG: bronchoconstrict, breath-holding, shallow breathing, coughing
54
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

1 atm = 760mm Hg

55
Q

‘Pressure (P) of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with volume (V)
increase in volume= decrease in pressure’. Who made this law?

A

Boyle

56
Q

‘Volume of gas increases with increasing temperature

-inhaled air is warmed and volume of air increases which helps to expand lungs’. Who made this law?

A

Charles

57
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A
  • contraction of diaphragm and exterior intercostals

- parietal pleura expands with rib cageq

58
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

(normal quiet breathing)

  • recoil of elastic tissue of lungs –> decrease volume –> Increases P^intrapulmonary
  • slight contraction of diaphragm brakes recoil-smooth transition
59
Q

What happens during forced expiration?

A

contraction of internal intercostals, abdominals, and accessory muscles

60
Q

What are the 3 things that determine resistance to airflow?

A
  1. diameter of the bronchioles
  2. pulmonary compliance
  3. surface tension in alveoli and distal bronchioles
61
Q

What causes bronchoconstriction?

A

cold, parasympathetic stimulation, irratants, and histamine (anaphylactic shock)

62
Q

What causes bronchodilation?

A 
sympathetic stimulation (eg. exercise, stress)
-HIgh CO2 in capillaries
63
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

the elasticity of the lung tissue

64
Q

How much dead air does the conducting division of alveolar ventilation have?

A

150mL of dead air= anatomical dead space

65
Q

How much dead air does the respiratory division of alveolar ventilation receive?

A

350mL (500mL-150mL)

66
Q

What is an example of dead air?

A

emphysema

67
Q

What are the usual alveolar ventilation rates (AVR)?

A

(air in alveoli) x (rate of breathing)
350mL/breath x 12breaths/min
=4200mL/min (quiet respiration)

68
Q

What is the amount of air left in alveoli at the end of expiration called and what its usual amount?

A

Residual volume =~1300mL

69
Q

What is eurnea?

A

normal, quiet breathing

70
Q

What is apnea?

A

cessation of breathing

71
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

labored breathing

72
Q

What is hyperpnea?

A

fast breathing to meet metabolic demands

73
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

fast breathing, exceeds metabolic demands

74
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

slot breathing, does not meet metabolic demands

75
Q

‘Totaly P^atm=sum of all individual partial pressures’. Who made this law?

A

Dalton

76
Q

‘The amount of gas that dissolves in a fluid is determined by its solubility and its partial pressure’. Who made this law?

A

Henry

77
Q

What are the 5 variables that affect alveolar gas exchange?

A
  1. Concentration gradients of the gases
  2. Solubility of the gases
  3. Membrane thickness
  4. Membrane area
  5. Ventilation-perfusion coupling

Biology Final (10 decks)

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