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BIOL 111 > chapter 26: digestive system > Flashcards

chapter 26: digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between the GI tract and accessory digestive organs?

A

the GI tract forms a continuous tube, the accessory organs assist in food breakdown

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2
Q

what are the 6 functions of the digestive system?

A

ingestions, motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, and elimination of wastes

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3
Q

what are the 4 tunics of the intestine from innermost to outermost?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and adventitia/serosa

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4
Q

how are digestive processes regulated?

A

enteric nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

how does the autonomic nervous system influence GI activity?

A

parasympathetic innervation promotes GI activity and sympathetic innvervation opposes GI tract activity

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6
Q

a ________ reflex involves sends sensory input to the ____, and a ____ reflex sends sensory input to the ____; both alter smooth muscle ________ and gland ________of the GI tract wall

A

short; ENS; long; CNS; contraction; secretion

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7
Q

what is the difference between intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs?

A

intraperitoneal are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum, retroperitoneal lies outside parietal peritoneum directly against the posterior abdominal wall

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8
Q

which organs are retroperitoneal?

SAD PUCKER

A

suprarenal (adrenal) glands, aorta (and IVC), duodenum (most), pancreas, urinary bladder and ureters, colon (ascending and descending), kidneys, esophagus (abdominal portion), rectum

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9
Q

what is mesentery?

A

the double layer of peritoneum attached to posterior abdominal wall

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10
Q

what are the 5 types of mesentaries?

A

greater omentum, lesser omentum, falciform ligament, mesentery proper, mesocolon

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11
Q

what organs are part of the upper GI tract?

A

oral cavity and salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

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12
Q

only secretions from the salivary glands contain lingual . most saliva is produces from the ________ salivary glands (outside oral cavity)

A

intrinsic; lipase; extrinsic

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13
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

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14
Q

what are the functions of saliva?

A
  • moistening ingested food as it is formed into a bolus
  • chemical breakdown of starch (salivary amylase)
  • dissolves food molecules, stimulating taste receptors
  • cleanses oral cavity
  • inhibits bacterial growth (contains lysozyme and IgA)
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15
Q

which salivary gland produces the most saliva?

A

submandibular

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16
Q

the 3 components of a tooth are an exposed ________ , a constricted ________, and one or more _______

A

crown; neck; roots

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17
Q

________ forms the primary mass of a tooth, which is covered in ________, the hardest substance in the body

A

dentin; enamel

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18
Q

as an infant, we have ____ deciduous teeth, which are then replaced by ____ permanent teeth

A

20; 32

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19
Q

the first phase of swallowing is the ________ phase, where chewing forms a bolus; the second phase is the ________ phase. this phase is involuntary, and material moves from ________ to ________; the last phase is the ________ phase. this is also involuntary, and material moves from ________ to _______

A

voluntary; pharyngeal; pharynx; esophagus; esophageal; esophagus; stomach

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20
Q

what are the 3 layers of the muscularis of the stomach?

A

inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal

21
Q

the ____ esophageal sphincter is a ring of circular ____ muscle; the ________ esophageal sphincter is a ring of ____ muscle

A

superior; skeletal; inferior; smooth

22
Q

the muscularis is a blend of skeletal and smooth muscle:
upper 1/3: ________
middle 1/3: ________
lower 1/3: __________

A

skeletal; skeletal and smooth; smooth

23
Q

one of the most vital functions of the stomach is the release of ____________ which is needed for ________ absorption

A

intrinsic factor; vitamin B12

24
Q

what are the 5 types of secretory cells of the gastric epithelium? which 4 produce gastric juice components? which 1 secretes hormone?

A

gastric juice: surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells, parietal cells, and chief cells
hormone: g-cells

25
Q

surface mucous cells secrete an alkaline ________. mucous neck cells secrete a slightly less alkaline ________

A

mucin

26
Q

chief cells produce and secrete packets of zymogen granules, containing ________, the inactive precursor of ____. they also produce ____________

A

pepsinogen; pepsin; gastric lipase

27
Q

parietal cells produce ____________, which is required for ____________ absorption, and ________. however it only forms ____ and releases both H+ and _____

A

intrinsic factor; vitamin B12; hydrochloric acid; H+; CL-

28
Q

g-cells are a type of ____________ cell, which secretes ________ into the blood

A

enteroendocrine; gastrin

29
Q

smooth muscle in the stomach wall has 2 functions:

A

gastric mixing and gastric emptying

30
Q

digestion has 3 phases:

the ________ phase is initiated by the thought, smell, sight, or taste of food; the ________ phase begins after bolus reaches the ________, which also causes release of ________; the ________ phase involves chyme reaching the ____________, releasing ________ and ___________

each phase has a reflex of the same name

A

cephalic; gastric; stomach; gastrin; intestinal; small intestine; CCK; secretin

31
Q

what structures are in the lower GI tract?

A

small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and large intestine

32
Q

the ________ receives ____ from the stomach, ____ from the liver and gallbladder, and ________ from the pancreas

A

duodenum; chyme; bile; pancreatic juice

33
Q

the ________ is the primary region for ____________, and the ________ continues this

A

jejunum; nutrient reabsorption; ileum

34
Q

what 3 structures increase surface area?

A

circular folds, villi, and microvilli

35
Q

what do goblet cells produce?

A

mucin, which forms mucus when hydrated

36
Q

________ cells secrete lysozyme

A

paneth

37
Q

the intestinal phase can be split into 2 phases: early, where ________ is more prevalent, and late, where ________ is more prevalent

A

segmentation; peristalsis

38
Q

what is the flow of bile?

A

hepatocyte > bile canaliculi > bile ductule > right and left hepatic ducts > common hepatic duct > cystic duct > common bile duct

39
Q

what 3 structures compose the portal triad?

A

bile ductule, hepatic portal vein branch, and hepatic artery branch

40
Q

bile enters the gallbladder when ________________________ is closed

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter

41
Q

pancreatic juice contains 4 enzymes called:

A

pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, (inactive) proteases, and nucleases

42
Q

what are the 3 types of movements in the large intestine?

A

peristalsis: weak and sluggish
haustral churning
mass movements: powerful, peristaltic like contractions

43
Q

what is the gastrocolic reflex?

associated with motility

A

it is initiated by stomach distension to cause mass movement

44
Q

the ________ reflex is the involuntary component of the ________ of feces by the process of __________

A

defecation; elimination; defecation

45
Q

what are the categories of carbohydrates?

A

mono/di/polysaccharides

46
Q

starch digestion begins in the ________ with ____________. it continues in the ____________ with ________________

A

oral cavity; salivary amylase; small intestine; pancreatic amylase

47
Q

________ digest protein, and must be ____________

A

proteases; activated

48
Q

____________ is activated by enteropeptidase, becoming ________. the activated form activated additional precursor molecules as well as chymotripsinogen to ________ and procarboxypeptidase to ___________

A

trpsinogen; trypsin; chymotrypsin; carboxypeptidase

BIOL 111 (11 decks)

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