chapter 18: blood

Question 1

what is hematopoiesis?

Answer 1

the production of formed elements

Question 2

hematopoiesis starts with stem cells called __________; they are multipotent and develop into different kinds of cells

Answer 2

hemocytoblasts

Question 3

what are the 2 lines of blood cell development?

Answer 3

myeloid line and lymphoid line

Question 4

what cells are produced in each line?

Answer 4

myeloid line forms erythrocytes, all leukocytes except lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes
lymphoid line forms only lymphocytes

Question 5

what is the primary site of hematopoiesis?

Answer 5

red bone marrow

Question 6

the maturation and division of hematopoietic stem cells are influenced by ___________

Answer 6

colony stimulating factors (CSFs)

Question 7

red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone:

Answer 7

erythropoietin

Question 8

list the 5 leukocytes from most to least abundant

Answer 8

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (and mast cells)

Question 9

which leukocytes are phagocytic?

Answer 9

monocytes, eosinopihils, and neutrophils

Question 10

which leukocytes has a multi lobed nucleus?

Answer 10

neutrophils

Question 11

eosinophils and basophils (and mast cells) have a ______ nucleus

Answer 11

bi lobed

Question 12

what does the nucleus of a monocyte look like?

Answer 12

kidney shaped

Question 13

the nucleus of a lymphocyte is:

Answer 13

round, dark staining

Question 14

what are the 3 granulocytes?

Answer 14

basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

Question 15

what do the granules look like in granulocytes? what do they contain?

Answer 15

neutrophils - pale, contains enzymes
eosinophils - reddish, contains enzymes
basophils - blue-violet, contains heparin and histamine

Question 16

___________ are the 1st to arrive at in injury site. they phagocytose pathogens, especially __________

Answer 16

neutrophils; bacteria

Question 17

which leukocyte is active in parasitic infections?

Answer 17

eosinophils

Question 18

in basophils and mast cells, __________ increases vasodilation and permeability of capillaries. _______ inhibits blood clotting

Answer 18

histamine; heparin

Question 19

which leukocyte transforms into marcophages?

Answer 19

monocytes

Question 20

__________ are part of the immune response. adaptive immunity involves ______ and ______. in innate immunity, _____ are involved

Answer 20

lymphocytes; t-cells; b-cells; nk cells

Question 21

what is the first phase of hemostasis?

(stoppage of bleeding)

Answer 21

vascular spasm

Question 22

what happens during vascular spasm?

Answer 22

blood loss + flow is slowed, chemicals are released to continue spasm, and continues during platelet plug formation

Question 23

what happens during platelet plug formation?

Answer 23

platlets stick to exposed collagen fibers and release chemicals that prolong vascular spasm and attract other platelets (positive feedback). as more platlets aggregate, they close off the injury and form a temporary clot

Question 24

what are the 2 pathways of blood clotting?

Answer 24

intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. they converge to make the common pathway, which forms a fibrin clot

Question 25

how do intrinsic and extrinsic pathways differ?

Answer 25

intrinsic is caused by damage to the inside of a blood vessel and lasts 3-6 minutes
extrinsic is caused by damage to the outside of a blood vessel and lasts 15 seconds. both end with activation of factor x

Question 26

what factors are found in the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 26

VIII, IX, XI, XII

Question 27

what factors are found in the extrinsic pathway?

Answer 27

thromboplastin (III) and VII

Question 28

____________ contracts and squeezes serum out of a clot making it smaller

Answer 28

actinomyosin

Question 29

what is fibrinolysis? what is it’s purpose?

Answer 29

the degradation of fibrin strands in a clot by plasmin. fibrinolysis helps break down a clot when it is no longer needed