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BIOL 111 > chapter 25: fluid and electrolytes > Flashcards

chapter 25: fluid and electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

what percent of body fluid makes up the human body?

A

45-75%

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2
Q

body fluid _________ with age, therefore the elderly have the ________ and infants have the ________

A

decreases; least; most

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3
Q

the percentage of fluid at each age depends on the ratio of __________ tissue, which is approxiamately 20% water, to __________ tissue, which is approximately 75% water

A

adipose connective; skeletal muscle

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4
Q

body fluid percentage _________ with __________ body fat

A

decreases; increased

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5
Q

who is more likely to have fluid imbalanced?

A

people with lower percentages of body fluid, like the elderly

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6
Q

what are the two compartments of fluid in the body?

A

intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

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7
Q

what 2 fluids compose extracellular fluid?

A

interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding cells) and blood plasma (fluid within blood vessels)

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8
Q

our body fluid is composed of ___ ICF and ___ ECF. ECF is composed of ___ interstitial fluid and ___ blood plasma

A

2/3; 1/3; 2/3; 1/3

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9
Q

what is the composition of intracellular fluid?

A

K+, Mg2+, PO4 3-, negatively charged proteins

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10
Q

both interstitial fluid and blood plasma are composed of Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-, but ISF contains ________________ while blood plasma contains ________

A

little to no protein; protein

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11
Q

following fluid intake, water moves from the _______ blood plasma to the ________ ICF

A

hypotonic; hypertonic

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12
Q

if you are hydrated, water moves from _________ ICF to the __________ blood plasma

A

hypotonic; hypertonic

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13
Q

what are the 2 sources of fluid intake?

A

ingested water (food and drink; 2300 mL) and metabolic water (produced from aerobic cellular respiration; 200 mL)

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14
Q

which type of water loss is based on if it is measureable?

A

sensible (measurable) and insensible (not measurable)

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15
Q

__________ water loss always occurs, regardless of hydration state. __________ water loss is regulated through the amount of urine expelled from the body

A

obligatory; facultative

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16
Q

what are the 2 fluid imbalances with constant osmolarity?

A

volume depletion (isotonic fluid loss > gain) and volume excess (isotonic fluid gain > loss)

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17
Q

what are 2 fluid imbalances with changes in osmolarity?

A

dehydration (water loss > solute loss) and hypotonic hydration

hypotonic hydration is also known as water intoxication or postive water balance

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18
Q

what is fluid sequestration?

A

total body fluid is normal but is not distributed normally

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19
Q

edema = excess ISF around ______
ascites = fluid in the _________ cavity
pericardial effusion = fluid in ________ cavity
pleural effusion = fluid in the _______ cavity

A

cells; peritoneal; pericardial; pleural

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20
Q

fluid balance is regulated by monitoring:

A

blood volume, blood pressure, and blood plasma osmolarity

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21
Q

fluid _____ < fluid ________ = _________ blood volume and pressure; __________ blood osmolarity

(and vice versa)

A

intake; output; decreases; increases

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22
Q

what stimuli activate the thirst center?

A

decreased blood volume and pressure, increased blood osmolarity, and decreased salivary secretions

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23
Q

what stimuli inhibit the thirst center?

A

increased blood volume and pressure, decreased blood osmolarity, increased salivary secretions, and distension of the stomach

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24
Q

which hormone increases urine output?

A

ANP

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25
Q

___________ are molecules that don’t dissociate in solution; ________ are substances that dissociate in solution to form _____ and _________

A

nonelectrolytes; electrolytes; ions; cations

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26
Q

99% of sodium is within the _____ and 1% is in the ____. this gradient is maintained by __________

A

ECF; ICF; Na+/K+ pumps

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27
Q

our normal blood plasma [Na+] is __________ mEq/L. this is regulated by aldosterone (________ [Na+]), ADH and ANP (_________ [Na+])

A

135-145; maintains; decreases

28
Q

what is the normal plasma value for K+?

A

between 3.5 and 5.0 mEq/L

29
Q

how is K+ distributed between the ICF and ECF?

A

98% in ICF and 2% in ECF

30
Q

________ causes K+ secretion by the kidneys

A

aldosterone

31
Q

what changes result in K+ shifts?

A

blood [K+], blood pH, and some hormones (like insulin)

32
Q

blood plasma K+ increases (_________), K+ ________ cells; if blood plasma K+ decreases (_________), K+ _______ cells

A

hyperkalemia; enters; hypokalemia; exits

33
Q

if blood H+ _________ (acidosis), H+ ______ the cell and K+ _____ the cell; if blood H+ __________ (alkalosis), H+ ______ the cell and K+ ______ the cell

A

increases; enters; exits; decreases; exits; enters

34
Q

which anion in the ICF is the most abundant?

A

chloride

35
Q

the normal plasma level for Cl- is:

A

96-106 mEq/L

36
Q

the normal plasma level for calcium is ___ mEq/L. it is the main electrolyte in ______ and ______

A

5; bones; teeth

37
Q

___________ blood Ca2+ causes __________ of muscles and nerves; ___________ blood Ca2+ causes __________ of muscles and nerves

A

increased; underexcitability; decreased; hyperexcitability

38
Q

_________ is the most abundant anion in the ICF. the normal plasma level is _________ mEq/L

A

phosphate (PO4 3-); 1.8 - 2.9

39
Q

where is magnesium most abundant? what is the normal plasma level?

A

most abundant in bone and ICF. the normal plasma level is 1.4 - 2.1 mEq/L

40
Q

the JG apparatus is stimulated by ____ blood pressure and sympathetic stimulation, and releases _______, eventually leading to the formation of _____________. the net effect of this hormone is the _________ in blood pressure

A

low; renin; angiotensin II; increase

41
Q

what 3 stimuli activate the release of ADH?

A

angiotensin II (low blood pressure), low blood volume, high blood osmolarity

42
Q

what is the result of ADH?

A

increased blood volume and pressure to normal, and decreased blood osmolarity

43
Q

_________ is stimulated by angiotensin II (low blood pressure) and increased blood ________ levels

A

aldosterone; potassium

44
Q

what is the net effect of aldosterone?

A

blood pressure and volume are maintained and blood K+ decreases

45
Q

ANP is stimulated by _________ blood volume. the net effect is _________ blood pressure

A

increased; decreased

46
Q

pH is ________ related to [H+]. for example, adding _____ or removing ______ increases _____ and lowers _____

A

inversely; acid; base; H+; pH

47
Q

when arterial blood pH > _____ = _______; when arterial blood pH < _____ = ___________

A

7.45; alkalosis; 7.35; acidosis

48
Q

_______ acids¹ is the waste produced from metabolic processes; ________ acid formed within the body is ______ acid (carbon dioxide + water)

1: lactic acid, phosphoric acid, ketoacids

A

fixed; volatile; carbonic

49
Q

fixed acid is regulated by the _______ (type A and B intercalated cells); volatile acid is eliminated by the ____________. these are __________ buffering systems

A

kidneys; respiratory system; physiologic

50
Q

what are the 3 chemical buffering systems?

A

protein, phosphate, bicarbonate

51
Q

where is each chemical buffering system used?

A

protein - within cells and blood (ICF and ECF)
phosphate - within cells (ICF)
bicarbonate - within blood (ECF)

52
Q

which chemical buffering system accounts for 3/4 of chemical buffering?

A

protein buffering system

53
Q

what is the weak acid and base for the protein buffering system?

A

base: amine (NH2)
acid: carboxylic acid (COOH)

54
Q

the weak base hydrogen phosphate (HPO4 2-) and weak acid dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4 -) are part of the ___________ buffer system

A

phosphate

55
Q

what is the weak acid and base in the bicarbonate buffer system?

A

base: bicarbonate (HCO3-)
acid: carbonic acid (H2CO3)

56
Q

type A intercalated cells secrete ___ and absorb _____; type B intercalated cells secrete ___ and absorb ____

A

H+; HCO3-; HCO3-; H+

57
Q

what are the 3 arterial blood variable? what are their normal ranges?

A

pH: 7.35-7.45
Pco2: 35-45 mmHg
[HCO3]: 22-26 mEq/L

58
Q

respiratory ________ occurs when CO2 elimination < CO2 production; pH is <_____ and pCO2 is >______ mmHg

A

acidosis; 7.35; 45

59
Q

what is respiratory alkalosis? what are the changed arterial blood values?

A

CO2 elimination > CO2 production; pH is >7.45 and pCO2 is <35

60
Q

metabolic acidosis is the increased ______ of H+ and increased _____ of HCO3-; pH is <______ and [HCO3-] is <_____ mEq/L

A

gain; loss; 7.35; 22

61
Q

metabolic _________ is increased ______ of H+ and increased _____ fo HCO3-; pH is >______ and [HCO3-] is >____ mEq/L

A

alkalosis; loss; gain; 7.45; 26

62
Q

_________ physiologic buffering systems attempt to normalize pH. the _______ try to correct _________ distrubances, and the ______ try to correct ________ distrubances

A

opposite; lungs; metabolic; kidneys; respiratory

63
Q

how do the kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis? what are the arterial blood values if compensated?

A

type A intercalated cells excrete H+ in urine and reabsorb HCO3-; pCO2 is > 45 mmHg and [HCO3-] is >26 mEq/L

64
Q

how do the kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis? what are the arterial blood values if compensated?

A

type B intercalated cells reabsorb H+ and excrete HCO3- in urine; pCO2 is <35 mmHg and [HCO3-] is <22 mEq/L

65
Q

to compensate for metabolic _________, respiratory rate _________ due to increased blood [H+]; pCO2 is < ____ mmHg and [HCO3-] is < ____ mEq/L

A

acidosis; increases; 35; 22

66
Q

to compensate for metabolic _______, respiratory rate _______ due to decreased blood [H+]; pCO2 is >____ mmHg and [HCO3-] is > ____ mEq/L

A

alkalosis; decreases; 45; 26

BIOL 111 (11 decks)

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