chapter 17: endocrine system

Question 1

the endocrine system synthesizesa and secretes ________ that communication with and control other _______ cells. these cells with specific receptors are called ________ cells

Answer 1

hormones; body; target

Question 2

what are the 4 functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 2

1. regulating development, growth, and metabolism
2. maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
3. controlling digestive processes
4. controlling reproductive activities

Question 3

what are the 5 major endocrine glands?

Answer 3

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid

Question 4

what 12 organs/tissues contain endocrine cells?

Answer 4

hypothalamus, skin, thymus, heart, liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, adipose CT, kidneys, testes, and ovaries

Question 5

________ stimulation triggers the release of another hormone; _________ stimulation is triggered by changes in nutrient levels, which stimulates hormone release; ____________ stimulation triggers the release of hormones

Answer 5

hormonal; humoral; nervous system

Question 6

what is the difference between circulating and local hormones?

Answer 6

circulating: transported in blood
local: influence cells in the tissue they were produced from

Question 7

which hormones are lipid soluble?

Answer 7

all steroids and thyroid hormone

Question 8

local hormones either bind to the same cell that produced them (__________) or neighboring cells (___________)

Answer 8

autocrine; paracrine

Question 9

what are eicosanoids?

Answer 9

they are the primary type of local hormone derived from a phospholipid from a cell’s plasma membrane

Question 10

______ soluble hormones need ____________, which protect them from early destruction. hormone binding is _________. they ________ to one and ________ to a different protein later on

Answer 10

lipid; carrier proteins; temporary; bind; reattach

Question 11

what is the difference between a bound and unbound hormone?

Answer 11

any hormone attached to a carrier protein is bound. unattached hormones are unbound and are able to exit the blood and bind to target cell receptors

Question 12

_______ soluble hormones are released into the _______ and are transported to __________

Answer 12

water; blood; target cells

Question 13

what are the 3 ways hormones eliminated?

Answer 13

1. enzymatic degradation
2. removal from blood via kidney excretion
3. target cell uptake

Question 14

how are hormone release and elimination related to concentration?

Answer 14

hormone release is directly correlated, elimination is inversely correlated

Question 15

what is half life?

Answer 15

the amount of time it takes ro reduce [hormone] in blood to 1/2 of what was originally secreted

Question 16

Lipid-soluble hormones passes freely through the ___________ and binds to a _____ molecule, initiating __________ of a gene

Answer 16

plasma membrane; DNA; transcription

Question 17

_________ hormones bind to nuclear receptors, usually found in the nucleus; _________ hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors

Answer 17

lipid soluble; water soluble

Question 18

1. _________ hormones bind to _________ bound receptors
2. __________ are activated
3. ______ molecules are activated
4. enzyme that were ________ are activated

Answer 18

water soluble; membrane; g proteins; cAMP; already present

Question 19

what is up regulation?

Answer 19

target cells increase number of receptors, thereby increasing cell sensitivity

Question 20

what is down regulation?

Answer 20

target cells decrease number of receptors, reducing sensitivity

Question 21

up regulation prevents __________ and down regulation prevents __________

Answer 21

understimulation; overstimulation

Question 22

what are the 3 types of hormone interactions?

Answer 22

synergystic (reinforces), permissively (requires), and antagonistically (opposes)

Question 23

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the:

Answer 23

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

Question 24

which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

Answer 24

thyroid stimulating hormone
prolactin
follicle stimulating hormone
lutenizing hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
growth hormone

Question 25

what are the two groups of hormones produced and released from the hypothalamus?

Answer 25

releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

Question 26

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by _________ cells in the _______ and released by the _________

Answer 26

neurosecretory; hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

Question 27

the __________ pituitary makes and stores hormones while the __________ pituitary only stores hormones

Answer 27

anterior; posterior

Question 28

what hormones stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 28

TSH = TRH
prolactin = PRH
FSH and LH = GnRH
ACTH = CRH
GH = GHRH

Question 29

what are the target organs and effects of anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 29

TSH: thyroid gland, releases THs
PRL: breasts, produce milk
FSH: ovaries (follicle maturation, estrogen production) and testes (sperm production)
LH: ovaries (ovulation, estrogen amd progesterone production) and testes (testosterone production)
ACTH: adrenal cortex, release glucocorticoids and androgens
GH: liver/muscles/bone/cartilage growth

Question 30

blood glucose will increase through:

Answer 30

gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Question 31

blood glucose will decrease through:

Answer 31

glycogenesis, lipgenesis, anabolism/protein building

Question 32

what do follicular cells produce and release?

these form the walls of thyroid follicles

Answer 32

they produce thyroglobulin which combines with iodine to make thyroid hormone

Question 33

parafollicular cells (cells between folliciular cells) make:

Answer 33

calcitonin

Question 34

what are the 2 forms of TH?

Answer 34

triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Question 35

calcitonin is stimulated by ____ blood calcium and ____ from exercise. it ________ osteoclast activity, which ________ bone tissue breakdown, and stimulates the ________ to increase calcium loss in _______

Answer 35

high; stress; inhibits; kidneys; urine

Question 36

the adrenal medulla releases 80% ________ and 20% ________. these are released in response to ________ stimulation

Answer 36

epinephrine; norepinephrine; sympathetic

Question 37

the zona glomerulosa synthesizes ________, the zona fasciculata synthesizes ________, and the zona reticularis synthesizes ___________

Answer 37

salt; sugar; sex hormones

Question 38

pancreatic alpha cells secrete ____ and beta cells secrete _______

Answer 38

glucagon; insulin

Question 39

delta cells secrete ________, and f cells secrete _______________

Answer 39

somatostatin; pancreatic polypeptide

Question 40

what is the primary endocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 40

maintaining [glucose] in the blood within 70-110 mg/dL

Question 41

how is high blood glucose lowered?

Answer 41

beta cells detect high glucose and release insulin, which stimulates liver (increased glycogenesis, decreased gluconeogenesis) and adipose CT (increased lipogenesis)

Question 42

how is low blood glucose raised?

Answer 42

alpha cells detect low blood glucose and release glucagon, which stimulates the liver (increased glycogenolysis and glucogenogenesis) and adipose CT (increased lipolysis)

Question 43

which gland secretes melatonin?

Answer 43

pineal gland

Question 44

what hormones does melatonin affect?

Answer 44

GnRH, FSH, and LH

Question 45

parathyroid glands contain ____ cells which are the source of PTH. it is released in response to decreased blood _______

Answer 45

chief; calcium

Question 46

how is calcitriol formed?

Answer 46

UV light converts modified cholesterol into Vitamin D3. D3 is then converted to calcidiol by liver enzymes and then to calcitriol by kidney enzymes

Question 47

where is leptin released from? what does it do?

Answer 47

it is released from adipose CT and regulates food intake by controlling appetite