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biol 111 > chapter 17: endocrine system > Flashcards

chapter 17: endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine system synthesizesa and secretes ________ that communication with and control other _______ cells. these cells with specific receptors are called ________ cells

A

hormones; body; target

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2
Q

what are the 4 functions of the endocrine system?

A
  1. regulating development, growth, and metabolism
  2. maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
  3. controlling digestive processes
  4. controlling reproductive activities
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3
Q

what are the 5 major endocrine glands?

A

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid

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4
Q

what 12 organs/tissues contain endocrine cells?

A

hypothalamus, skin, thymus, heart, liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, adipose CT, kidneys, testes, and ovaries

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5
Q

________ stimulation triggers the release of another hormone; _________ stimulation is triggered by changes in nutrient levels, which stimulates hormone release; ____________ stimulation triggers the release of hormones

A

hormonal; humoral; nervous system

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6
Q

what is the difference between circulating and local hormones?

A

circulating: transported in blood
local: influence cells in the tissue they were produced from

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7
Q

which hormones are lipid soluble?

A

all steroids and thyroid hormone

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8
Q

local hormones either bind to the same cell that produced them (__________) or neighboring cells (___________)

A

autocrine; paracrine

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9
Q

what are eicosanoids?

A

they are the primary type of local hormone derived from a phospholipid from a cell’s plasma membrane

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10
Q

______ soluble hormones need ____________, which protect them from early destruction. hormone binding is _________. they ________ to one and ________ to a different protein later on

A

lipid; carrier proteins; temporary; bind; reattach

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11
Q

what is the difference between a bound and unbound hormone?

A

any hormone attached to a carrier protein is bound. unattached hormones are unbound and are able to exit the blood and bind to target cell receptors

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12
Q

_______ soluble hormones are released into the _______ and are transported to __________

A

water; blood; target cells

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13
Q

what are the 3 ways hormones eliminated?

A
  1. enzymatic degradation
  2. removal from blood via kidney excretion
  3. target cell uptake
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14
Q

how are hormone release and elimination related to concentration?

A

hormone release is directly correlated, elimination is inversely correlated

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15
Q

what is half life?

A

the amount of time it takes ro reduce [hormone] in blood to 1/2 of what was originally secreted

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16
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones passes freely through the ___________ and binds to a _____ molecule, initiating __________ of a gene

A

plasma membrane; DNA; transcription

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17
Q

_________ hormones bind to nuclear receptors, usually found in the nucleus; _________ hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors

A

lipid soluble; water soluble

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18
Q
  1. _________ hormones bind to _________ bound receptors
  2. __________ are activated
  3. ______ molecules are activated
  4. enzyme that were ________ are activated
A

water soluble; membrane; g proteins; cAMP; already present

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19
Q

what is up regulation?

A

target cells increase number of receptors, thereby increasing cell sensitivity

20
Q

what is down regulation?

A

target cells decrease number of receptors, reducing sensitivity

21
Q

up regulation prevents __________ and down regulation prevents __________

A

understimulation; overstimulation

22
Q

what are the 3 types of hormone interactions?

A

synergystic (reinforces), permissively (requires), and antagonistically (opposes)

23
Q

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the:

A

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

24
Q

which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone
prolactin
follicle stimulating hormone
lutenizing hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
growth hormone

25
Q

what are the two groups of hormones produced and released from the hypothalamus?

A

releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

26
Q

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by _________ cells in the _______ and released by the _________

A

neurosecretory; hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

27
Q

the __________ pituitary makes and stores hormones while the __________ pituitary only stores hormones

A

anterior; posterior

28
Q

what hormones stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

TSH = TRH
prolactin = PRH
FSH and LH = GnRH
ACTH = CRH
GH = GHRH

29
Q

what are the target organs and effects of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

TSH: thyroid gland, releases THs
PRL: breasts, produce milk
FSH: ovaries (follicle maturation, estrogen production) and testes (sperm production)
LH: ovaries (ovulation, estrogen amd progesterone production) and testes (testosterone production)
ACTH: adrenal cortex, release glucocorticoids and androgens
GH: liver/muscles/bone/cartilage growth

30
Q

blood glucose will increase through:

A

gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

31
Q

blood glucose will decrease through:

A

glycogenesis, lipgenesis, anabolism/protein building

32
Q

what do follicular cells produce and release?

these form the walls of thyroid follicles

A

they produce thyroglobulin which combines with iodine to make thyroid hormone

33
Q

parafollicular cells (cells between folliciular cells) make:

A

calcitonin

34
Q

what are the 2 forms of TH?

A

triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

35
Q

calcitonin is stimulated by ____ blood calcium and ____ from exercise. it ________ osteoclast activity, which ________ bone tissue breakdown, and stimulates the ________ to increase calcium loss in _______

A

high; stress; inhibits; kidneys; urine

36
Q

the adrenal medulla releases 80% ________ and 20% ________. these are released in response to ________ stimulation

A

epinephrine; norepinephrine; sympathetic

37
Q

the zona glomerulosa synthesizes ________, the zona fasciculata synthesizes ________, and the zona reticularis synthesizes ___________

A

salt; sugar; sex hormones

38
Q

pancreatic alpha cells secrete ____ and beta cells secrete _______

A

glucagon; insulin

39
Q

delta cells secrete ________, and f cells secrete _______________

A

somatostatin; pancreatic polypeptide

40
Q

what is the primary endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

maintaining [glucose] in the blood within 70-110 mg/dL

41
Q

how is high blood glucose lowered?

A

beta cells detect high glucose and release insulin, which stimulates liver (increased glycogenesis, decreased gluconeogenesis) and adipose CT (increased lipogenesis)

42
Q

how is low blood glucose raised?

A

alpha cells detect low blood glucose and release glucagon, which stimulates the liver (increased glycogenolysis and glucogenogenesis) and adipose CT (increased lipolysis)

43
Q

which gland secretes melatonin?

A

pineal gland

44
Q

what hormones does melatonin affect?

A

GnRH, FSH, and LH

45
Q

parathyroid glands contain ____ cells which are the source of PTH. it is released in response to decreased blood _______

A

chief; calcium

46
Q

how is calcitriol formed?

A

UV light converts modified cholesterol into Vitamin D3. D3 is then converted to calcidiol by liver enzymes and then to calcitriol by kidney enzymes

47
Q

where is leptin released from? what does it do?

A

it is released from adipose CT and regulates food intake by controlling appetite

biol 111 (11 decks)

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