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A LEVEL CHEMISTRY > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an aldehyde

A

An aldehyde is a compound with the carbonyl functional group at the end of their chain

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2
Q

How do you name an Aldehyde

A

Count the carbons to identify the stem

Identify the carbonyl functional group at the end of the chain to the suffix is Al

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3
Q

What is a ketone

A

Ketones are compounds with the carbonyl functional group in the middle of the carbon chain

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4
Q

How do you name a ketone

A

Count the carbons to identify the stem
Identify the carbonyl group in the middle of the chain so suffix is -one
Identify which carbon the carbonyl group is on

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5
Q

Do aldehydes and ketones undergo oxidation reactions?

A

Aldehydes can be oxidised to carboxylic acids when reflux with potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid
Ketones do not undergo oxidation reactions

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6
Q

Are aldehydes and ketones able to undergo nucleophilic addition

A

Aldehydes and ketones are able to undergo nucleophilic addition due to the polarity of the carbonyl bond due to the electronegativity difference between the carbon and oxygen which induces a dipole

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7
Q

Draw the equation and mechanism for the nucleophilic addition of aldehydes with NaBH4

A

Aldehydes are reduced to primary alcohols by nabh4

Mechanism in notes

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8
Q

Draw the equation and mechanism of nucleophilic addition of ketones with nabh4

A

Ketones are reduced to secondary alcohols by nabh4

Mechanism in notes

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9
Q

Draw the nucleophilic addition of aldehydes with hydrogen cyanide

A

I’ll hides undergo nucleophilic addition with hydrogen cyanide and sulfuric acid to form a hydroxynitrile

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10
Q

Show the nucleophilic addition of ketones with hydrogen cyanide

A

He tonnes undergo nucleophilic addition with hydrogen cyanide and sulfuric acid to form a hydroxynitrile
Mechanism in notes

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11
Q

How do you test for a carbonyl group

A

Use a solution of 2 4 dinitrophenylhydrazine

1) add 5 cm of the 2 4 dnp to a test tube
2) add 3 drops of the unknown compound
3) if no crystals form had a few drops of sulfuric acid
4) a yellow / orange precipitate will form which indicates the presence of an aldehyde or ketone

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12
Q

How can you tell whether a compound is either an aldehyde or ketone

A

4) pour the unknown solution into the prepared tollens reagent
5) leave in a beaker of 50 degrees water for 10-minutes a silver mirror forming indicates an aldehyde

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13
Q

How does tollens reagent work

A

The aldehydes is further oxidised to carboxylic acid

The silver ions are reduced

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14
Q

How can you identify exactly what aldehyde or ketone is present

A

1) filter the precipitate formed by 2 4 dnp
2) recrystallized the precipitate
3) measure the melting point of the purified sample and compared to a database

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15
Q

What is a carboxylic acid

A

A carboxylic acid as a compound that contains a carboxyl group

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16
Q

Are carboxylic acids soluble

A

Carbusonic acids are soluble due to the polarity of the c o & o h bonds with up to four carbons
As chain length increases solubility decreases due to the non-polar change affecting the overall polarity of the molecule

Dicarboxylic acid dissolve readily due to their two functional groups

17
Q

Carboxylic acid + metal oxide

A

–→ salt + water

18
Q

Carboxylic acid + alkali

A

→salt + water

19
Q

Carboxylic acid + carbonate

A

→ salt + water + carbon dioxide

20
Q

What is an ester and how can you make them

Draw example

A

An ester is made by reacting a carboxylic acid and an alcohol creating an ester and water under heat with a concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst

21
Q

How do you hydrolyse an ester

Draw examples

A

Acid hydrolysis:
Ester + water→ carboxylic acid + alcohol
Conditions: reflux, dilute aqueous acid

Alkaline hydrolysis:
Ester + sodium hydroxide→carboxylate salt + alcohol

22
Q

How do you make an ester using an acid anhydride draw example

A

Acid anhydride + alcohol→ester + carboxylic acid

23
Q

How do you make an ester from an acyl chloride

Drawer example

A

Acyl chloride + alcohol/phenol→ ester + HCL

24
Q

What is an acyl chloride

A

Acyl chlorides have the functional group CO-Cl

25
Q

How do you form an acyl chloride

Draw example

A

Carboxylic acidic acid + socl2→ acyl chloride + SO2 + HCL

26
Q

What are the three reactions of acyl chlorides

A

Acyl chloride + water→ carboxylic acid+ HCl

Acyl chloride + ammonia→ primary amide + nh4cl

Acyl chloride + primary amine→ secondary amide + salt

A LEVEL CHEMISTRY (21 decks)

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