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NURS 252 > Chapter 25 - **Neurological System > Flashcards

Chapter 25 - **Neurological System Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent

A

sensory

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2
Q

efferent

A

motor

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3
Q

Function of the meninges and CSF

A

protect the CNS

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4
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

cerebrums outer layers of nerve cell bodies

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5
Q

Is the cerebral cortex grey or white matter?

A

grey - it lacks myelin

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6
Q

Myelin

A

white insulation on the axon that increases conduction velocity of nerve impulses

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7
Q

Cerebrum

A

centre for higher functions - thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, voluntary movement

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8
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

personality, behaviour, emotions, intellectual function

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9
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

initiates voluntary movement

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10
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

contains postcentral which is primary area of sensation

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11
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

visual reception

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12
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

auditory reception

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13
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

speech comprehension - when damaged a person hears sound but it has no meaning

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14
Q

Broca’s Area

A

speech production - injury leads to inability to speak, person can still understand language

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15
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

bands of grey matter deep in the cerebrum that control automatic associated movements of the body

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16
Q

Thalamus

A

main relay station

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17
Q

Synapses

A

sites of contact between two neurons

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18
Q

Hypothalamus

A

major control centre - controls temp, HR, BP, sleep, pituitary gland, coordination of ANS and emotions

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19
Q

Cerebellum

A

-motor coordination and voluntary movements
-balance
-muscle tone

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20
Q

Midbrain

A

-most anterior part of brain stem
-merges with thalamus and hypothalamus
-contains motor neurons

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21
Q

Pons

A

ascending and descending fibre tracts

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22
Q

Medulla

A

-continuation of spinal cord
-autonomic centres (respiratory, cardiac, GI functions)
-nuclei for CN VIII-XII
-pyramidal decussation occurs here

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23
Q

Pyramidal Decussation

A

crossing of motor fibres

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24
Q

Crossed Representation

A

feature of nerve tracts - left cerebral cortex receives and controls the right side of the body and vice versa

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25
Q

Spinothalamic Tract

A

contains sensory fibres that transmit sensation of pain, temperature, crude or ligh touch

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26
Q

Posterior (Dorsal) Columns

A

conduct sensations of position, vibration, fine touch

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27
Q

Position (Proprioception)

A

sense of where your body parts are in relation to each other (without looking)

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28
Q

Vibration

A

ability to feel vibrating objects

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29
Q

Vibration

A

ability to feel vibrating objects

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30
Q

Stereognosis

A

finely localized touch, ability to identify objects without looking

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31
Q

Homonculus

A

“little man” responsible for sensation is particular body parts

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32
Q

Corticospinal Fibres

A

mediate voluntary movement, 10% don’t corss

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33
Q

Extrapyramidal Tracts

A

all the motor neurons originating in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem, spinal cord that are outside the pyramidal tract

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34
Q

Cerebellar System

A

coordinated movement, maintains equilibrium, posture

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35
Q

Upper Motor Neurons

A

complex of all the descending motor fibres that influence or modify lower motor neurons

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36
Q

Where are upper motor neurons located?

A

in the CNS

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37
Q

Examples of Upper Motor Neurons

A

-corticospinal
-corticobulbar
-extrapyramidal

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38
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Diseases

A

-cerebrovascular accident
-cerebral palsy
-multiple sclerosis

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39
Q

Lower Motor Neurons

A

located mostly in PNS - funnels neural signals and provides direct contact with muscles

40
Q

Examples of Lower Motor Neurons

A

-cranial nerves
-spinal nerves

41
Q

Examples of Lower Motor Neuron Diseases

A

-spinal cord lesions
-polio
-ALS

42
Q

Deep Tendon Reflexes

A

myotatic - ie. knee jerk

43
Q

Superficial Reflexes

A

ie. corneal reflex or abdominal reflex

44
Q

Visceral Reflex

A

ie. pupillary response, accomodation

45
Q

Pathological Reflexes

A

-abnormal
-ie. Babinski reflex

46
Q

Name all 12 cranial nerves: (hint: oh, oh, oh to touch and feel very good velvet, such heaven!)

A

I - olfactory
II - optic
III - oculomotor
IV - trochlear
V- trigeminal
VI - abducens
VII - facial
VIII - vestibulocochlear
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
XI - spinal
XII - hypoglossal

47
Q

What are the types of cranial nerves? (hint: some say marry money, but my brother says big brains matter most!)

A

olfactory - sensory
optic - sensory
oculomotor - motor
trigeminal - both
abducens - motor
facial - both
vestibulocochlear - sensory
glossopharyngeal - both
vagus - both
spinal - motor
hypoglossal - motor

48
Q

Olfactory Nerve (I)

A

smell

49
Q

Optic Nerve (II)

A

vision

50
Q

Oculomotor Nerve (III)

A

MOTOR - extraocular movement, opening of eyelids
PARASYMPATHETIC - pupil constriction, lens shape

51
Q

Trochlear Nerve (IV)

A

downward and inward movement of the eye

52
Q

Trigeminal Nerve (V)

A

MOTOR - muscle of mastication
SENSORY - sensation of face, scalp, cornea, mucous membranes of mouth and nose

53
Q

Abducens Nerve (VI)

A

lateral movement of the eye

54
Q

Facial Nerve (VII)

A

MOTOR - facial muscles, closing of eyes, labial speech, closing mouth
SENSORY - taste on front 2/3 of tongue

55
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)

A

hearing and equilibrium

56
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

A

MOTOR - pharynx (phonation and swallowing)
SENSORY - taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue, gag reflex
PARASYMPATHETIC - parotid gland, carotid reflex

57
Q

Vagus Nerve (X)

A

MOTOR - pharynx and larynx (talking and swallowing)
SENSORY - sensation from carotid body, carotid sinus, pharynx, viscera
PARASYMPATHETIC - carotid reflex

58
Q

Spinal Nerve (XI)

A

trapezius and sternomastoid muscles

59
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

A

tongue movement

60
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

61
Q

What type of nerves are spinal nerves?

A

mixed (sensory and motor)

62
Q

Dermal Segmentation

A

the cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves

63
Q

Dermatome

A

circumscribed skin area that is supplied mainly from on segment through a spinal nerve

64
Q

What controls motor activity in newborns?

A

medulla and spinal cord

65
Q

Do babies have myelinated neurons?

A

no

66
Q

What order do infants neurons become myelinated in?

A

proximal to distal - head, neck, trunk, extremities

67
Q

What order do infants gain motor control?

A

lifting head, lifting head and shoulders, rolling over, moving arm, using hands, walking

68
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and causes bleeding

69
Q

Ischemic Stoke

A

blood clot blocks blood vessel in the brain

70
Q

What are the most common stroke symptoms:

A

-sudden weakness in face, arms, or legs (esp. on one side of body)
-sudden confusion or dysphagia
-sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance
-sudden change in vision
-sudden severe headache

71
Q

What are less common stroke symptoms?

A

-sudden N&V
-brief LOC + fainting

72
Q

FAST acronym:

A

Face - drooping?
Arms - can raise both?
Speech - slurred?
Time - call 911 ASAP

73
Q

Syncope

A

sudden loss of strength and a temporary loss of consciousness due to lack of blood flow or low BP

74
Q

Paresis

A

weakness of voluntary movement

75
Q

Dysmetria

A

inability to control ROM

76
Q

Paraesthesia

A

an abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling

77
Q

Dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

78
Q

Dysarthria

A

difficulty forming words

79
Q

Aphasia

A

difficulty with language comprehension or expression

80
Q

Ansomnia

A

loss of smell from smoking, allergic rhinitis, cocaine

81
Q

How do you test CN II?

A

-acuity
-confrontation

82
Q

How do you assess CN III, IV, and VI?

A

-pupil size and accommodation
-cardinal positions

83
Q

Nystagmus

A

back-and-forth oscillation of the eyes

84
Q

How do you test CN V?

A

M - palpate temporal and masseter muscles while patient clenches teeth, try to separate jaws by pushing down on chin
S - close patients eyes and ask patient to say now when they feel cotton swab touch face

85
Q

When do you not omit the corneal reflex test?

A

if the patient has abnormal facial sensation or abnormal facial movement

86
Q

How do you test CN VII?

A

M - ask patient to smile, frown, close eyes tightly, lift eyebrows, puff cheeks
S - only test with facial nerve injury - taste test

87
Q

How do you test CN VIII?

A

whispered voice test

88
Q

How do you test CN IX and X?

A

M - pharyngeal “AHHH”, gag reflex

89
Q

How do you test CN XI?

A

ask patient to rotate head against resistance and ask patient to shrug shoulders against resistance

90
Q

How do you test CN XII?

A

ask patient to stick out tongue and ask patient to say “light, tight, dynamite”

91
Q

How do you test cerebellar function?

A

gait (normal and heel-toe)

92
Q

Ataxia

A

uncoordinated or unsteady gait

93
Q

What is the Romberg Test?

A

ask patient to close eyes and hold a standing, stable position for 20s

94
Q

What is a positive romberg signs?

A

loss of balance with eyes closed

95
Q

Clonus

A

rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle

96
Q

What is Babinski’s signs?

A

splayed toes

NURS 252 (14 decks)

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