Chapter 17 - Nose, Mouth, and Throat Flashcards
1
Q
What is the columella of the nose?
A
part that divides the two nares and is continuous with the septum
2
Q
What is the ala of the nose?
A
lateral outside wing
3
Q
What are vibrissae?
A
nasal hairs
4
Q
What do nasal hairs filter?
A
coarse matter from inhaled air
5
Q
What does the ciliated mucous blanket filter?
A
dust and bacteria
6
Q
Why does nasal mucosa appear redder than oral mucosa?
A
rich blood supply used to warm inhaled air
7
Q
What divides the nasal cavity?
A
the septum
8
Q
What is the Kiesselbach’s plexus?
A
vascular network in the septum
9
Q
Where is the most common site of nosebleeds?
A
Kiesselbach’s plexus
10
Q
What are turbinates?
A
paralleled body projections in the nasal cavity
11
Q
What is the role of turbinates?
A
Increase surface area so more blood vessels and mucous membranes are available
12
Q
How many turbinates are there?
A
3
13
Q
What is the meatus?
A
a cleft under each turbinate that is named for the turbinate above
14
Q
What drains into the middle meatus?
A
sinuses
15
Q
What drains into the inferior meatus?
A
tears from nasolacrimal duct
16
Q
Which cranial never is the olfactory nerve?
A
I
17
Q
Where does CN I transmit impulses?
A
temporal lobe
18
Q
What are the paranasal sinuses?
A
air-filled pockets in the cranium
19
Q
What is the role of the paranasal sinuses?
A
lighten the weight of the skull, resonate sound, provide mucus
20
Q
How many frontal sinus are there?
A
2
21
Q
Where are the frontal sinus located?
A
frontal bone above and medial to the orbits
22
Q
Where are the maxillary sinuses?
A
in the maxilla (cheekbones)
23
Q
Where are the ethmoid sinuses?
A
between the orbits
24
Q
Where are the sphenoid sinuses?
A
deep within the skull in the sphenoid bone
25
Where is the hard palate?
anterior
26
What is the hard palate made of?
bone
27
What colour is the hard palate?
whitish
28
Where is the soft palate?
posterior
29
What colour is the soft palate?
pink
30
What is the frenulum?
a midline fold of tissue connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth
31
Which salivary gland is the largest?
parotid
32
Where is the parotid gland?
in the cheeks, in front of the ear
33
What is the parotid glands duct called?
Stensen's duct
34
Where is Stensen's duct?
across from the second molar
35
How big is the submandibular gland?
the size of a walnut
36
Where is the submandibular gland?
beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw
37
Which salivary gland is the smallest?
sublingual
38
Where is the sublingual gland?
the floor of the mouth
39
How many permanent teeth do adults have?
32
40
What kind of tissue are the gums?
fibrous tissue covered in mucous membrane
41
What separates the oropharynx from the mouth?
anterior tonsillar pillars
42
When does tonsillar tissue begin to decrease in size and function?
after puberty
43
The nasopharynx is continuous with the ____________
oropharynx
44
Where is the nasopharynx?
above the oropharynx and behind the nasal cavity
45
When does salivation start in infants?
3 months of age
46
How many temporary deciduous teeth do children have?
20
47
When do teeth begin to errupt?
6-24 months
48
All 20 teeth should appear by ____ years of age
2.5
49
When are deciduous teeth lost?
between age 6 and 12
50
Which teeth are the first to be lost?
central incisors
51
Epistaxis
nosebleeds
52
Why are nose bleeds and nasal stuffiness more common during pregnancy?
due to increased vascularity in the upper respiratory tract
53
Atrophy in the oral cavity results in an ______% reduction in taste functioning
80%
54
What is candidiasis (thrush)?
oral yeast infection
55
What is malocclusion?
teeth drift that causes upper or lower incisors to drift
56
What are the adverse effects of malocclusion?
-bone reabsorption, then further tooth loss
-muscle imbalance, spasms, tenderness, chronic headaches
-increases TMJ stress that leads to osteoarthritis and pain
57
What kind of medications decrease saliva production?
anticholinergic
58
Which ethnic population has a higher incidence of cleft lip?
indigenous
59
What is torus palatinus?
a bony ridge running down the middle of the hard palate
60
Torus palatinus is more commin in people of which descent?
indigenous and asian
61
What is Leukoedema?
greyish-white benign lesion occuring in the buccal mucosa
62
Which group is leukoedema common in?
people of African descent
63
Edentulism
toothlessness
64
Rhinorrhea
nasal discharge
65
Odynophagia
pain while swallowing
66
What does testing nostril patency reveal?
obstruction
67
What should you normally view with an otoscope in the nasal cavity?
red colour, smooth moist surface
68
Why is documentation of deviated septum important?
in case of need for nasal suctioning or a ng (nasogastric) tube
69
What should the buccal mucosa look like?
pink, smooth, moist
70
What are Fordyce's granules?
small, isolated white or yellow papules that are painless and significant
71
Where can Fordyce's granules be found?
cheeks, tongue, lips
72
What does the "ahhhh" test check?
CN X the vagus nerve
73
Halitosis
breath odour
74
What can cause halitosis?
food consumption, alcohol consumption, heavy smoking, dental infection, systemic disease
75
Tonsil Grade 1+
visible
76
Tonsil Grade 2+
halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvula
77
Tonsil Grade 3+
touching the uvula
78
Tonsil Grade 4+
touching each other
79
What grade of tonsils in seen in healthy people?
1+ or 2+
80
How do you depress the tongue?
-push down halfway back, pushing on the tip will hump the back
-press slightly off-centre to avoid eliciting the gag reflex
81
Which cranial nerves control the gag reflex?
CN IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus)
82
How do you test CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
ask patient to stick out tongue and observe if it protrudes in the midline
83
What are Epstein Pearls?
a normal finding in newborns and infants - small, whitish, pearly papules on hard palate and gums
84
What are bednar apathae?
traumatic areas or ulcers on the posterior hard palate resulting from abraisions during sucking
85
Are tonsils visible in newborns?
no
86
What is choanal atresia?
bony or membranous septum between nasal cavity and pharynx of newborn
87
What is a perforated septum?
a hole in the septum, can be caused by cocaine use, trauma
88
What is a furuncle?
small boil on skin that is red, swollen, and painful
89
What is sinusitis?
facial pain after upper respiratory infection characterized by red, swollen nasal mucosa and purulent discharge
90
What are nasal polyps?
smooth, pale grey nodules, overgrowths of mucosa, most commonly caused by chronic allergic rhinitis
91
What is angular cheilitis?
erythema, scaling, and shallow painful fissures at the corner of the mouth occur with excess salivation and candida infection
92
What is baby bottle tooth decay?
destruction of deciduous teeth in older infants who take milk or juice to bed
93
What is Malocclusion?
teeth aren't aligned properly between the upper and lower rows (bite)
94
What are dental caries?
progressive tooth destruction, eventually forms cavity
95
What is epulis?
growth on the gingiva or alveolar mucosa
96
What is gingival hyperplasia?
painless enlargement of the gums, sometimes overreaching the teeth
97
When does gingival hyperplasia often occur?
puberty, pregnancy, leukemia, long term phenytoin use
98
What is gingivitis?
earliest stage of gum disease due to plaque and bacteria build up on the teeth
99
What is meth mouth?
Extreme tooth decay due to meth abuse, often with black stained or rotting teeth
100
What are aphthous ulcers?
aka chancre sores, they are vesicles first, last 1-2 weeks
101
What causes aphthous ulcers?
unknown - associated with stress, fatigue, and food allergy
102
What are Koplik's spots?
small white spots, a pathogenic feature of measles in pre-eruptive stages
103
What is leukoplakia?
chalky white, thick raised patch with well-defined borers
104
Where does leukoplakia occur?
occurs on the lateral edges of the tongue
105
What causes leukoplakia?
heavy smoking and alcohol use
106
Why are leukoplakia concerning?
they are precancerous and associated with squamous carcinoma
107
What is thrush (candidiasis)?
a fungal infection that develops in the mouth and leads to white lesions on tongue and inner cheeks
108
What is ankyloglossia?
aka tongue-tie that fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth and affects speech
109
What is a fissured tongue?
harmless condition involving furrows/grooves on tongue surface
110
What is geographic tongue? (migratory glossitis)
patterns of normal coating interspersed with bright red, shiny, circular bald areas
111
What causes geographic tongue?
unknown
112
What is glossitis?
inflamed tongue caused by low iron (anemia)
113
With black hairy tongue what makes the "hair"?
elongation of filiform papillae and overgrowth of mycelial threads of fungal infection
114
What causes black "hairy" tongue?
after antibiotic use that inhibit normal bacteria and allow fungus to grow
115
What is macroglossia?
larger than typical size tongues
116
What is bifid uvula?
a forked uvula
117
What is oral kaposi's sarcoma?
bruise-like, dark red, confluent macule on the hard palate often associated with AIDs
