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NURS 252 > Chapter 20 - Heart and Neck Vessels > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Heart and Neck Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Precordium

A

the area on the anterior chest overlying the heart and great vessels

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2
Q

Mediastinum

A

where the heart and great vessels are located in the thoracic cage

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3
Q

How is the heart positioned?

A

so the right side is anterior and the left side is mostly posterior

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4
Q

Where is the right ventricle located?

A

immediately behind the sternum, greatest area of cardiac surface

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5
Q

Which ventricle forms the apex?

A

left

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6
Q

Which portion of the left atrium shows anteriorly?

A

the left atrial appendage

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7
Q

Which part of the heart beats on the chest wall producing an apical impulse?

A

the apex

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8
Q

Pericardium

A

the tough, fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds the heart

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9
Q

Myocardium

A

the muscular wall of the heart, it does the pumping

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10
Q

Endocardium

A

the thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the heart

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11
Q

Atrium

A

thin-walled reservoir for holding blood

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12
Q

Ventricle

A

thick-walled muscular pumping chamber

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13
Q

Main purpose of valves:

A

prevent backflow of blood

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14
Q

Valves open and close __________ in response to pressure gradients

A

passively

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15
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

separate the atria and ventricles

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16
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

the right AV valve

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17
Q

Mitral (aka bicuspid) Valve

A

left AV valve

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18
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

collagenous fibres that anchor valves to the muscle wall

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19
Q

When do the AV valve open?

A

when the heart is filling (diastole)

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20
Q

When do the AV valves close?

A

during the pumping phase (systole)

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21
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

located between the ventricles and pulmonary arteries

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22
Q

How many cusps do the semilunar valves have?

A

3

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23
Q

Pulmonic Valve

A

semilunar valve in the right side of the heart

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24
Q

Aortic Valve

A

semilunar valve in the left side of the heart

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25
Q

When do semilunar valves open?

A

during pumping so blood can be ejected

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26
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

the rhythmic movement of blood through the heart

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27
Q

Diastole

A

ventricles relax and fill with blood

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28
Q

Systole

A

heart contracts

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29
Q

Diastole takes up _____ of the cardiac cycle

A

2/3

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30
Q

Systole takes up ____ of the cardiac cycle

A

1/3

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31
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

-ventricles are relaxed
-AV valves are open

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32
Q

What is the heart sound that is heard?

A

valves closing

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33
Q

Protodiastolic (early) Filling

A

the first passive filling phase

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34
Q

Presystole (Atrial systole, Atrial kick)

A

active phase when the atria contract and push out the last amount of blood

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35
Q

What signals the beginning of systole?

A

closure of the AV valves

35
Q

Atrial systole occurs during…

A

ventricular diastole

35
Q

Atrial kick causes a small rise in _____ ventricular pressure

A

left

35
Q

What happens during systole?

A

-ventricular pressure increases
-mitral and tricuspid valves swing shut

36
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

when all 4 valves are closed, ventricular walls contract and pressure builds up

37
Q

Heart sounds:

A

lubb - av valves close
dubb -sl valves close

38
Q

Where can you hear S1?

A

over all the precordium, usually loudest at the apex

39
Q

Where is S2 heard loudest?

A

at the base

40
Q

What does “MoRe to the Right, Less to the Left” mean?

A

during inspiration, intrathoracic pressure is decreased, pushing more blood into the venae cavae, thus increasing venous return to the right side of the heart

41
Q

When is S3 heard?

A

when the ventricles are resistant to filling during the early filling phase

42
Q

When does S4 occur?

A

at the end of diastole when the ventricle is resistant to filling

43
Q

What can cause murmurs?

A

-increase in velocity of blood flow
-decrease in VIScosity of blood
-structural defect in the valves or unusual openings in chambers

44
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of a heart sound?

A

-frequency (pitch)
-intensity (loudness)
-duration
-timing

45
Q

Automaticity

A

heart can contract by itself, independently of any signals or stimulation

46
Q

Where is an electrical impulse initiated?

A

cells in the SA node near the superior vena cava

47
Q

The SA node is the…

A

pacemaker of the heart

48
Q

Where does the bundle of His transmit impulses?

A

to the point of the apex

49
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of the atria

50
Q

P-R interval

A

interval from P wave to QRS complex

51
Q

QRS complex

A

depolarization of the ventricles

52
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of the ventricles

53
Q

Electrical events _______ precede mechanical events in the heart

A

slightly

54
Q

How many L of blood are pumped through the body per minute?

A

4-6L

55
Q

Cardiac Output

A

the volume of blood in each systole (stroke volume) x number of bpm

56
Q

Preload

A

the venous return that builds during diastole

57
Q

Frank-Starling law says that the…

A

greater the stretch, the stronger the contraction

58
Q

Afterload

A

the opposing pressure that the ventricle must generate to open the aortic valve

59
Q

Carotid Artery

A

located between the trachea and the sternomastoid muscle

60
Q

Jugular Vein Pulse

A

results from movement of a waveform backward as a result of events upstream

61
Q

When does the fetal heart begin to beat?

A

end of 3 weeks gestation

62
Q

Where does fetal oxygenation take place?

A

the placenta

63
Q

2/3 of fresh oxygenated blood is shunted through the ______ ______

A

foramen ovale into the left side of the heart

64
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A

where the other 1/3 of the fresh blood is shunted to the aorta

65
Q

The fetal heart is equal in…

A

weight and muscle wall thickness

66
Q

The foramen ovale closes when?

A

within the first hour after birth

67
Q

When does the ductus arteriosus close?

A

within 10-15 hours after birth

68
Q

When does the left ventricle increase in side?

A

1 year of age

69
Q

What is the adult ratio of left ventricle to right ventricle?

A

2:1

70
Q

How does the position of the heart vary in infants?

A

-more horizontal
-apex is higher

71
Q

When does the heart reach adult position?

A

by 7 years of age

72
Q

Blood volume increased by ___ to ____% during pregnancy

A

30-40%

73
Q

How is the pulse rate affected in pregnant women?

A

beats 10-15bpm faster due to blood volume expansion

74
Q

The pulse rate returns to baseline within first ____ days postpartum

A

10

75
Q

Arterial BP __________ in blood pressure during pregnancy due to…

A

decreases; peripheral vasodilation

76
Q

When does the blood pressure drop to the lowest point?

A

during second trimester then rises

77
Q

With aging _______ blood pressure increases due to…

A

systolic; thickening and stiffening of large arteries

78
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

stiffening of arteries

79
Q

Does the overall heart size increase with age?

A

no

80
Q

Which ventricle thickens with aging?

A

left (an adaptive mechanism)

81
Q

Diastolic BP may decrease after age __

A

60

82
Q

No change in ______________ occurs with aging

A

resting HR

83
Q

Does CO at rest change with aging?

A

no

84
Q

look at subjective, objective assessment and pathology

A

NURS 252 (11 decks)

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