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NURS 252 > Chapter 20 - Heart and Neck Vessels > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Heart and Neck Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Precordium

A

the area on the anterior chest overlying the heart and great vessels

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2
Q

Mediastinum

A

where the heart and great vessels are located in the thoracic cage

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3
Q

How is the heart positioned?

A

so the right side is anterior and the left side is mostly posterior

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4
Q

Where is the right ventricle located?

A

immediately behind the sternum, greatest area of cardiac surface

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5
Q

Which ventricle forms the apex?

A

left

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6
Q

Which portion of the left atrium shows anteriorly?

A

the left atrial appendage

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7
Q

Which part of the heart beats on the chest wall producing an apical impulse?

A

the apex

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8
Q

Pericardium

A

the tough, fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds the heart

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9
Q

Myocardium

A

the muscular wall of the heart, it does the pumping

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10
Q

Endocardium

A

the thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the heart

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11
Q

Atrium

A

thin-walled reservoir for holding blood

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12
Q

Ventricle

A

thick-walled muscular pumping chamber

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13
Q

Main purpose of valves:

A

prevent backflow of blood

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14
Q

Valves open and close __________ in response to pressure gradients

A

passively

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15
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

separate the atria and ventricles

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16
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

the right AV valve

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17
Q

Mitral (aka bicuspid) Valve

A

left AV valve

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18
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

collagenous fibres that anchor valves to the muscle wall

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19
Q

When do the AV valve open?

A

when the heart is filling (diastole)

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20
Q

When do the AV valves close?

A

during the pumping phase (systole)

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21
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

located between the ventricles and pulmonary arteries

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22
Q

How many cusps do the semilunar valves have?

A

3

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23
Q

Pulmonic Valve

A

semilunar valve in the right side of the heart

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24
Q

Aortic Valve

A

semilunar valve in the left side of the heart

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25
When do semilunar valves open?
during pumping so blood can be ejected
26
Cardiac Cycle
the rhythmic movement of blood through the heart
27
Diastole
ventricles relax and fill with blood
28
Systole
heart contracts
29
Diastole takes up _____ of the cardiac cycle
2/3
30
Systole takes up ____ of the cardiac cycle
1/3
31
What happens during diastole?
-ventricles are relaxed -AV valves are open
32
What is the heart sound that is heard?
valves closing
33
Protodiastolic (early) Filling
the first passive filling phase
34
Presystole (Atrial systole, Atrial kick)
active phase when the atria contract and push out the last amount of blood
35
What signals the beginning of systole?
closure of the AV valves
35
Atrial systole occurs during...
ventricular diastole
35
Atrial kick causes a small rise in _____ ventricular pressure
left
35
What happens during systole?
-ventricular pressure increases -mitral and tricuspid valves swing shut
36
Isometric Contraction
when all 4 valves are closed, ventricular walls contract and pressure builds up
37
Heart sounds:
lubb - av valves close dubb -sl valves close
38
Where can you hear S1?
over all the precordium, usually loudest at the apex
39
Where is S2 heard loudest?
at the base
40
What does "MoRe to the Right, Less to the Left" mean?
during inspiration, intrathoracic pressure is decreased, pushing more blood into the venae cavae, thus increasing venous return to the right side of the heart
41
When is S3 heard?
when the ventricles are resistant to filling during the early filling phase
42
When does S4 occur?
at the end of diastole when the ventricle is resistant to filling
43
What can cause murmurs?
-increase in velocity of blood flow -decrease in VIScosity of blood -structural defect in the valves or unusual openings in chambers
44
What are the 4 characteristics of a heart sound?
-frequency (pitch) -intensity (loudness) -duration -timing
45
Automaticity
heart can contract by itself, independently of any signals or stimulation
46
Where is an electrical impulse initiated?
cells in the SA node near the superior vena cava
47
The SA node is the...
pacemaker of the heart
48
Where does the bundle of His transmit impulses?
to the point of the apex
49
P wave
depolarization of the atria
50
P-R interval
interval from P wave to QRS complex
51
QRS complex
depolarization of the ventricles
52
T wave
repolarization of the ventricles
53
Electrical events _______ precede mechanical events in the heart
slightly
54
How many L of blood are pumped through the body per minute?
4-6L
55
Cardiac Output
the volume of blood in each systole (stroke volume) x number of bpm
56
Preload
the venous return that builds during diastole
57
Frank-Starling law says that the...
greater the stretch, the stronger the contraction
58
Afterload
the opposing pressure that the ventricle must generate to open the aortic valve
59
Carotid Artery
located between the trachea and the sternomastoid muscle
60
Jugular Vein Pulse
results from movement of a waveform backward as a result of events upstream
61
When does the fetal heart begin to beat?
end of 3 weeks gestation
62
Where does fetal oxygenation take place?
the placenta
63
2/3 of fresh oxygenated blood is shunted through the ______ ______
foramen ovale into the left side of the heart
64
Ductus Arteriosus
where the other 1/3 of the fresh blood is shunted to the aorta
65
The fetal heart is equal in...
weight and muscle wall thickness
66
The foramen ovale closes when?
within the first hour after birth
67
When does the ductus arteriosus close?
within 10-15 hours after birth
68
When does the left ventricle increase in side?
1 year of age
69
What is the adult ratio of left ventricle to right ventricle?
2:1
70
How does the position of the heart vary in infants?
-more horizontal -apex is higher
71
When does the heart reach adult position?
by 7 years of age
72
Blood volume increased by ___ to ____% during pregnancy
30-40%
73
How is the pulse rate affected in pregnant women?
beats 10-15bpm faster due to blood volume expansion
74
The pulse rate returns to baseline within first ____ days postpartum
10
75
Arterial BP __________ in blood pressure during pregnancy due to...
decreases; peripheral vasodilation
76
When does the blood pressure drop to the lowest point?
during second trimester then rises
77
With aging _______ blood pressure increases due to...
systolic; thickening and stiffening of large arteries
78
Arteriosclerosis
stiffening of arteries
79
Does the overall heart size increase with age?
no
80
Which ventricle thickens with aging?
left (an adaptive mechanism)
81
Diastolic BP may decrease after age __
60
82
No change in ______________ occurs with aging
resting HR
83
Does CO at rest change with aging?
no
84
look at subjective, objective assessment and pathology

NURS 252 (14 decks)

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