Chapter 16 - Ears

Question 1

What is the external ear called?

Answer 1

auricle or pinna

Question 2

What is the pinna made of?

Answer 2

movable cartilage and skin

Question 3

What is the role of the external ear?

Answer 3

funnel sound waves into the external auditory canal

Question 4

Where does the external auditory canal terminate?

Answer 4

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Question 5

What do the glands in the ear canal secrete?

Answer 5

cerumen, yellow wax that lubricates and protects the ear

Question 6

What is the purpose of ear wax?

Answer 6

prevents foreign bodies from entering ear drum

Question 7

How does ear wax move?

Answer 7

chewing and talking movements

Question 8

What is the inner ear made of?

Answer 8

bone covered by skin

Question 9

The outer curve of the ear canal curves _________ and the inner angle ________

Answer 9

upward, downward

Question 10

What separates external ear and middle ear?

Answer 10

tympanic membrane

Question 11

What shape is the eardrum?

Answer 11

oval, and slightly concave

Question 12

What are the ossicles in order?

Answer 12

malleus, incus, stapes

Question 13

What appearance is the eardrum?

Answer 13

translucent, pearly grey

Question 14

The umbo, manubrium, and short proces are parts of the ________

Answer 14

malleus

Question 15

What is the pars flaccida?

Answer 15

the small, slack, superior section of the tympanic membrane

Question 16

What is the pars tensa?

Answer 16

the thicker and more taut part of the eardrum

Question 17

What is the annulus?

Answer 17

the outer fibrous rim of the ear drum

Question 18

Where does lymph fluid of the external ear drain?

Answer 18

into parotid, mastoid, and superficial cervical nodes

Question 19

Which skull bone is the middle ear located in?

Answer 19

temporal bone

Question 20

The ossicles are located in which section of the ear?

Answer 20

middle ear

Question 21

What is the opening at the end of the stapes called?

Answer 21

oval window

Question 22

What is the eustachian tube?

Answer 22

opening that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx and allows passage of air

Question 23

When does the eustachian tube open?

Answer 23

with swallowing or yawning

Question 24

What are the 3 functions of the middle ear?

Answer 24

-sound conduction from outer ear to hearing apparatus
-protects inner ear by reducing amplitude of loud sounds
-equalization of air pressure to prevent membrane rupture

Question 25

What is the bony labyrinth?

Answer 25

area in the inner ear that holds the sensory organs for equilibrium and hearing

Question 26

Where are the vestibule and semicircular canals located?

Answer 26

in the inner ear

Question 27

Where is the central hearing apparatus located?

Answer 27

the cochlea

Question 28

Cochlea is latin for...

Answer 28

snail shell

Question 29

Where is the mastoid process?

Answer 29

bony prominence behind the lobe of the outer ear

Question 30

What are the 3 levels of the auditory system?

Answer 30

-peripheral -brain stem -cerebral cortex

Question 31

What happens at the peripheral level?

Answer 31

transduction of sound vibrations into electrical impulses

Question 32

What is amplitude?

Answer 32

loudness

Question 33

What is frequency?

Answer 33

pitch

Question 34

What does the basilar membrane do?

Answer 34

vibrates at a point specific to the frequency

Question 35

What is the senosory organ of hearing?

Answer 35

organ of corti

Question 36

What is the hearing function at the brain stem level?

Answer 36

binaural interaction

Question 37

What does binaural interaction allow?

Answer 37

hearing the direction of a sound in a space

Question 38

What allows for binaural interaction?

Answer 38

each ear is one half of the sensory organ, areas in the brain stem are sensitive to different intensity and timing

Question 39

What are the two pathways of hearing?

Answer 39

air conduction vs bone conduction

Question 40

What is conductive hearing loss?

Answer 40

a mechanical dysfunction of the external or middle ear

Question 41

What can cause conductive hearing loss?

Answer 41

-impacted cerumen -foreign bodies -perforated eardrum -pus or serum in middle ear -otosclerosis

Question 42

Otosclerosis

Answer 42

a decrease in mobility of the ossicles

Question 43

What is another name for sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 43

perceptive hearing loss

Question 44

What parts are involved in sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 44

pathology of inner ear, CN VIII, or auditory areas of cerebral cortex

Question 45

Presbycusis

Answer 45

gradual nerve degeneration that occurs with aging

Question 46

What do ototoxic medications affect?

Answer 46

hair cells in the cochlea

Question 47

What is mixed hearing loss?

Answer 47

combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss in the SAME ear

Question 48

What part of the ear contribute to equilibrium?

Answer 48

3 semicircular canals

Question 49

Vertigo

Answer 49

spinning, whirling sensation caused by inflamed semicircular canals

Question 50

At what week of gestation does the inner ear start to develop?

Answer 50

early in the 5th week

Question 51

Contracting Rubella during the first trimester can damage what in the infant?

Answer 51

organ of Corti

Question 52

Why is it easier for pathogens from the nasopharynx to travel to the middle ear in infants?

Answer 52

the infants eustachian tube is shorter and wider and more horizontal

Question 53

The eustachian tube is surrounded by ______ tissue that increases during childhood and can cause occlusion

Answer 53

lymphoid

Question 54

What is a common cause of conductive hearing loss in young adults (age 20-40)?

Answer 54

otosclerosis

Question 55

With otosclerosis what becomes fixed in the oval window?

Answer 55

the foot of the stapes

Question 56

What happens to cilia lining the inner ear with age?

Answer 56

they become coarse and stiff

Question 57

Why is cerumen drier in older adults?

Answer 57

atrophy of the apocrine glands

Question 58

What are ceruminolytics?

Answer 58

wax softening agents

Question 59

Presbycusis

Answer 59

hearing loss that occurs with aging

Question 60

How often is it recommended to have hearing tested?

Answer 60

every 3 years starting at age 2

Question 61

Otitis media

Answer 61

middle ear infection

Question 62

Besides anatomy what factors predispose children to otitis media?

Answer 62

-absence of breast feeding in first 3 months -second-hand smoke exposure -day care attendance -male sex -pacifier use -low birth weight -low socioeconomic status -formula feeding in supine position

Question 63

Wet cerumen is more common in individuals of which descent?

Answer 63

african or european

Question 64

Dry cerumen is more common in individuals of which descent?

Answer 64

asian or indigenous

Question 65

Audism

Answer 65

a form of discrimination based on persons ability to hear

Question 66

Otalgia

Answer 66

ear pain

Question 67

tympanoplasty

Answer 67

insertion of tubes into the ears

Question 68

Otorrhea

Answer 68

discharge from ear

Question 69

External otitis has what kind of discharge?

Answer 69

purulent, sanguineous, or watery discharge

Question 70

Cholesteatoma has what kind of discharge?

Answer 70

dirty yellow or grey discharge with foul odour

Question 71

Recruitment

Answer 71

a condition in which loss is marked when sound is initially at low intensity but becomes painful when repeated loudly

Question 72

objective vertigo

Answer 72

people feel as if the room is spinning

Question 73

subjective vertigo

Answer 73

people feel as if they are spinning

Question 74

How many episodes of otitis media need to happen for it to be recurrent?

Answer 74

3 episodes in the past 3 months OR 4 in the last year

Question 75

Darwin's Tubercule

Answer 75

a small painless nodule at the helix, a congenital variation that is insignificant

Question 76

Why do you hold the otoscope upside down?

Answer 76

prevent forceful insertion and protect incase of sudden head movement

Question 77

left oof pg 833