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NURS 252 > Chapter 16 - Ears > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Ears Flashcards

1
Q

What is the external ear called?

A

auricle or pinna

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2
Q

What is the pinna made of?

A

movable cartilage and skin

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3
Q

What is the role of the external ear?

A

funnel sound waves into the external auditory canal

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4
Q

Where does the external auditory canal terminate?

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

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5
Q

What do the glands in the ear canal secrete?

A

cerumen, yellow wax that lubricates and protects the ear

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6
Q

What is the purpose of ear wax?

A

prevents foreign bodies from entering ear drum

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7
Q

How does ear wax move?

A

chewing and talking movements

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8
Q

What is the inner ear made of?

A

bone covered by skin

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9
Q

The outer curve of the ear canal curves _________ and the inner angle ________

A

upward, downward

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10
Q

What separates external ear and middle ear?

A

tympanic membrane

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11
Q

What shape is the eardrum?

A

oval, and slightly concave

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12
Q

What are the ossicles in order?

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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13
Q

What appearance is the eardrum?

A

translucent, pearly grey

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14
Q

The umbo, manubrium, and short proces are parts of the ________

A

malleus

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15
Q

What is the pars flaccida?

A

the small, slack, superior section of the tympanic membrane

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16
Q

What is the pars tensa?

A

the thicker and more taut part of the eardrum

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17
Q

What is the annulus?

A

the outer fibrous rim of the ear drum

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18
Q

Where does lymph fluid of the external ear drain?

A

into parotid, mastoid, and superficial cervical nodes

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19
Q

Which skull bone is the middle ear located in?

A

temporal bone

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20
Q

The ossicles are located in which section of the ear?

A

middle ear

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21
Q

What is the opening at the end of the stapes called?

A

oval window

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22
Q

What is the eustachian tube?

A

opening that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx and allows passage of air

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23
Q

When does the eustachian tube open?

A

with swallowing or yawning

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24
Q

What are the 3 functions of the middle ear?

A

-sound conduction from outer ear to hearing apparatus
-protects inner ear by reducing amplitude of loud sounds
-equalization of air pressure to prevent membrane rupture

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25
Q

What is the bony labyrinth?

A

area in the inner ear that holds the sensory organs for equilibrium and hearing

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26
Q

Where are the vestibule and semicircular canals located?

A

in the inner ear

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27
Q

Where is the central hearing apparatus located?

A

the cochlea

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28
Q

Cochlea is latin for…

A

snail shell

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29
Q

Where is the mastoid process?

A

bony prominence behind the lobe of the outer ear

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30
Q

What are the 3 levels of the auditory system?

A

-peripheral
-brain stem
-cerebral cortex

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31
Q

What happens at the peripheral level?

A

transduction of sound vibrations into electrical impulses

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32
Q

What is amplitude?

A

loudness

33
Q

What is frequency?

A

pitch

34
Q

What does the basilar membrane do?

A

vibrates at a point specific to the frequency

35
Q

What is the senosory organ of hearing?

A

organ of corti

36
Q

What is the hearing function at the brain stem level?

A

binaural interaction

37
Q

What does binaural interaction allow?

A

hearing the direction of a sound in a space

38
Q

What allows for binaural interaction?

A

each ear is one half of the sensory organ, areas in the brain stem are sensitive to different intensity and timing

39
Q

What are the two pathways of hearing?

A

air conduction vs bone conduction

40
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

a mechanical dysfunction of the external or middle ear

41
Q

What can cause conductive hearing loss?

A

-impacted cerumen
-foreign bodies
-perforated eardrum
-pus or serum in middle ear
-otosclerosis

42
Q

Otosclerosis

A

a decrease in mobility of the ossicles

43
Q

What is another name for sensorineural hearing loss?

A

perceptive hearing loss

44
Q

What parts are involved in sensorineural hearing loss?

A

pathology of inner ear, CN VIII, or auditory areas of cerebral cortex

45
Q

Presbycusis

A

gradual nerve degeneration that occurs with aging

46
Q

What do ototoxic medications affect?

A

hair cells in the cochlea

47
Q

What is mixed hearing loss?

A

combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss in the SAME ear

48
Q

What part of the ear contribute to equilibrium?

A

3 semicircular canals

49
Q

Vertigo

A

spinning, whirling sensation caused by inflamed semicircular canals

50
Q

At what week of gestation does the inner ear start to develop?

A

early in the 5th week

51
Q

Contracting Rubella during the first trimester can damage what in the infant?

A

organ of Corti

52
Q

Why is it easier for pathogens from the nasopharynx to travel to the middle ear in infants?

A

the infants eustachian tube is shorter and wider and more horizontal

53
Q

The eustachian tube is surrounded by ______ tissue that increases during childhood and can cause occlusion

A

lymphoid

54
Q

What is a common cause of conductive hearing loss in young adults (age 20-40)?

A

otosclerosis

55
Q

With otosclerosis what becomes fixed in the oval window?

A

the foot of the stapes

56
Q

What happens to cilia lining the inner ear with age?

A

they become coarse and stiff

57
Q

Why is cerumen drier in older adults?

A

atrophy of the apocrine glands

58
Q

What are ceruminolytics?

A

wax softening agents

59
Q

Presbycusis

A

hearing loss that occurs with aging

60
Q

How often is it recommended to have hearing tested?

A

every 3 years starting at age 2

61
Q

Otitis media

A

middle ear infection

62
Q

Besides anatomy what factors predispose children to otitis media?

A

-absence of breast feeding in first 3 months
-second-hand smoke exposure
-day care attendance
-male sex
-pacifier use
-low birth weight
-low socioeconomic status
-formula feeding in supine position

63
Q

Wet cerumen is more common in individuals of which descent?

A

african or european

64
Q

Dry cerumen is more common in individuals of which descent?

A

asian or indigenous

65
Q

Audism

A

a form of discrimination based on persons ability to hear

66
Q

Otalgia

A

ear pain

67
Q

tympanoplasty

A

insertion of tubes into the ears

68
Q

Otorrhea

A

discharge from ear

69
Q

External otitis has what kind of discharge?

A

purulent, sanguineous, or watery discharge

70
Q

Cholesteatoma has what kind of discharge?

A

dirty yellow or grey discharge with foul odour

71
Q

Recruitment

A

a condition in which loss is marked when sound is initially at low intensity but becomes painful when repeated loudly

72
Q

objective vertigo

A

people feel as if the room is spinning

73
Q

subjective vertigo

A

people feel as if they are spinning

74
Q

How many episodes of otitis media need to happen for it to be recurrent?

A

3 episodes in the past 3 months OR 4 in the last year

75
Q

Darwin’s Tubercule

A

a small painless nodule at the helix, a congenital variation that is insignificant

76
Q

Why do you hold the otoscope upside down?

A

prevent forceful insertion and protect incase of sudden head movement

77
Q

left oof pg 833

A
78
Q
A
79
Q
A

NURS 252 (6 decks)

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