Chapter 25 Keywords Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrogenation

A

The addition of Hydrogen to an unsaturated molecule

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2
Q

Aromatic compound

A

Contains a benzene ring

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3
Q

Mono Substitution

A

Aromatic compounds with one substituent group and benzene is the parent chain

Eg alkyl
-ethylbenzene

Halogens
-chlorobenzene

Nitro
-nitrobenzene

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4
Q

Disubstituted

A

Aromatic compound with two substituent groups

Now you number the C in the ring

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5
Q

Halogen carrier

A

Needed for the halogenation of benzene

Benzene won’t react with halogens without them

Allows reaction to happen at room temperature

*they can be made in situ in the reaction vessel by the reaction of metal + halogen

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6
Q

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation

A

-The Substitution of a H in the benzene ring by an alkyl group
-Requires a Halogen carrier to make the electrophile
Eg if adding chloroethane your Halogen carrier is AlCl3/FeCl3
-a way of increasing chain length
-electrophillic Substitution

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7
Q

Acylation

A
  • An electrophillic Substitution whereby benzene reacts with Acyl Chloride in the presence of AlCl3 catalyst to make an aromatic ketone
  • it’s electrophillic Substitution
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8
Q

Electrophile

A

Electron pair acceptor

Positively charged

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9
Q

Substitution

A

When one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

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10
Q

Phenols

A

An organic chemical contains a hydroxyl group directly attached to the aromatic ring. The simplest member being phenol.
Reacts more readily and under milder conditions than benzene
It’s a weak acid

Proximity of the OH group to benzene ring influences the OH group

*any compound with an OH DIRECTLY attached to the carbon ring reacts in a similar way to phenol

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11
Q

Phenols vs Alcohol

A

Phenol

  • Less soluble in water than alcohol because of the non polar benzene ring
  • more acidic than alcohols
  • reacts with solutions of strong bases

Alcohol ethanol

  • Nah react with Strong base or weak base
  • more soluble in h20 than phenols
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12
Q

Phenols vs Carboxylic Acid

A

Phenol

  • react with strong bases but not weak bases
  • weaker acid than CA

CA

  • strong enough to react with strong bases and weak bases
  • more acidic than phenols and have a higher Ka value
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13
Q

How to distinguish between Phenol and CA?

A

React both with sodium carbonate. The phenol won’t react but the CA solution with sodium carbonate with make sodium carboxylate water and CO2 which causes effervescence

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14
Q

Activating groups

A

Activates the aromatic ring therefore the ring reacts more readily with e philes.
All 2,4- directing (ortho para) are activating, except halogens.

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15
Q

Deactivating groups

A

Deactivates the aromatic ring and makes it react less readily with electrophiles
3- directing (meta)

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16
Q

2,4- directing groups

A
NH2 or NH
OH
OR
R or C6H5
halogens
CH3
17
Q

3 directing

A
RCOR acyl groups
COOR esters
SO3H
CHO
COOH
CN
NO2
NR3+
18
Q

Steric effect

A

Large substituted groups getting in the way which affects the proportions of different Substituted isomers