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Biochemistry I > Chapter 25: Fatty Acid Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 25: Fatty Acid Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Class of heterogenous biomolecules (includes fatty acids)

A
  • Lipids
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2
Q

Fatty acids are

A
  • The simplest of all lipids

- Over 100 different types

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3
Q

Components of complex lipids

A
  • Triacylglycerols
  • Glycerophospholipids
  • Sphingolipids
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4
Q

Fatty acids are _____ in water

A
  • Insoluble
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5
Q

FAs circulate in the blood bound to

A
  • Albumin
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6
Q

Generally, albumin is a

A
  • High capacity, low specificity carrier
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7
Q

FAs are _____ at physiological pH

A
  • Anionic
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8
Q

FAs are composed of a

A
  • Hydrophilic carboxylic acid group

- Hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain

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9
Q

Chains are straight and contain

A
  • An even number of carbon atoms
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10
Q

Many of the biologically important FAs are

A
  • Unsaturated
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11
Q

The arrangement of atoms about the C = C double bond in nature is _____

A
  • cis

- Introduces a kink into the hydrophobic side chain

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12
Q

FAs are the simplest lipids, with the general structural formula

A
  • R - COOH
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13
Q

Most of the C = C double bonds are in the _____ configuration

A
  • cis
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14
Q

Trans fats are the _____ form of FAs

A
  • Unnatural
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15
Q

With longer chains, the non-polar part of the molecule

A
  • Outweighs polarity

- Reduces solubility in water

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16
Q

Essential fatty acids need to be

A
  • Found in the diet

- Body cannot make them

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17
Q

The body cannot make FAs with

A
  • C = C double bonds close to the methyl end
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18
Q

Omega-6 FAs tend to be

A
  • Easier to over consume
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19
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A
  • More solid at room temperature
  • Highly ordered
  • All bonds between carbon atoms are single
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20
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • Contain -cis double bond between carbons
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21
Q

Diets high in saturated fats

A
  • Will cause cell membranes to be high in saturated fat
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22
Q

FA composition in membranes mirrors

A
  • FA composition in diet
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23
Q

The -cis double bond in oleate introduces

A
  • A kink
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24
Q

Presence of unsaturated fats in membranes impacts

A
  • The permeability barrier
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25
Q

Kinks in the cell membrane will make it

A
  • Easier for things to break through
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26
Q

Saturated fats are more

A
  • Organized

- Highly ordered

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27
Q

Polyunsaturated fats contain

A
  • More than one double bond in the fatty acid tails
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28
Q

Double bonds of polyunsaturated fats cause

A
  • Kinks in the FA tail

- Prevent the molecules from tightly packing together

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29
Q

Unsaturated bonds have a _____ melting temperature

A
  • Lower
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30
Q

Essential fatty acids (the body cannot make them) include

A
  • Omega-3

- Omega-6

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31
Q

Omega-3 fatty acid

A
  • Linolenic acid

- Cardioprotective

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32
Q

Omega-6 fatty acid

A
  • Linoleic acid processed to arachidonic acid

- Pro-inflammatory (pro-athrogenic)

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33
Q

Cardioprotective omega-3’s can be found in

A
  • Cod liver oil

- Fish oil

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34
Q

Animal products are high in

A
  • Saturated fat

- Want to avoid overconsumption of these

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35
Q

Anti-inflammatory (Omega-3) FAs are

A
  • Cardioprotective
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36
Q

Omega-6 FAs are

A
  • Pro-inflammatory
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37
Q

Omega-6 is also known as

A
  • Linoleic acid
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38
Q

Omega-3 is also known as

A
  • alpha-Linolenic acids
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39
Q

EP A and DHA are fatty acids found in

A
  • Milk products

- Important in brain health

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40
Q

Arachidonic acid is a precursor to

A
  • Prostaglandin
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41
Q

Most fatty acids exist as

A
  • Triesters of glycerol
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42
Q

Glycerol is an

A
  • Alcohol with three carbons

- Each carbon bears a hydroxyl/alcohol group (triacylglycerides)

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43
Q

Triacylglycerols

A
  • Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
44
Q

TAG’s that are solid at 25 degrees C are

A
  • Fats

- Largely saturated fatty acids

45
Q

TAG is produced from

A
  • Glycerol 3 phosphate
46
Q

Glycerol-3-phosphate originates from either

A
  • Glycerol (kinase)

- Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (dehydrogenase)

47
Q

Glycerol kinase enzyme is used to

A
  • Phosphorylate the glycerol to activate TAGs
48
Q

Synthesis of triacylglycerol from glycerol-3-phopshate occurs via

A
  • Phosphatidic acid
49
Q

Phosphatidic acid is

A
  • Intermediate in FA synthesis

- Activates the glycerol molecule during FA synthesis

50
Q

Functions of FAs

A
  • Energy storage
  • Insulation
  • Structural
  • Chemical mediators
51
Q

Fatty acids store energy in the form of

A
  • Adipose tissue
52
Q

Structural importance of FAs

A
  • FAs found in glycerolphospholipids

- FAs found in sphingolipids

53
Q

Chemical mediation

A
  • Linoleic > arachidonic acid > eicosanoids

- PGE2 (cytoprotection)

54
Q

Prostaglandins are chemical mediators that are

A
  • Fatty acid derivatives

- Important in blood flow

55
Q

Adipose tissue in humans stores

A
  • Triacylglycerides
56
Q

Fats store more energy (~37kj/g) than

A
  • Carbohydrates and proteins
57
Q

Lipases cleave

A
  • Triacylglycerides
58
Q

Fats stored in adipose tissue serve as

A
  • Insulation
59
Q

Fat serves as padding to

A
  • Protect sensitive organs
60
Q

FAs play a structural role as

A
  • Constituents of membrane ingredients
61
Q

Biological membranes exist as a

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer
62
Q

General molecular formula of glycerophospholipids

A
  • R1 & R2 = Fatty acid chains
63
Q

Phospholipids (glycerophospholipids) are found in

A
  • Biological membranes
64
Q

Amphipathic

A
  • Means that molecule has a polar and a non-polar group

- Has a water-liking and water-hating moiety

65
Q

Polar group of phospholipid usually will be

A
  • Charged
66
Q

Saturated fatty acid chains are esterified to

A
  • C1
67
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid chains are esterified to

A
  • C2
68
Q

Sphingolipids predominate in the

A
  • Nervous system
69
Q

Fatty acids attached to a sphingosine form a

A
  • Ceramide
70
Q

Sphingolipids posses the amino alcohol sphingosine made from

A
  • Palmitate and serine
71
Q

When a saturated or unsaturated fatty acyl group is attached to the amino group of a sphingosine molecule

A
  • A ceramide is formed
72
Q

Sphingosine is found in

A
  • Nerves

- Cell membrane

73
Q

Ceramides are derivatives of

A
  • Sphingosines
74
Q

Ceramides, cerebrosides, and gangliosides possess a

A
  • Sphingosine backbone
75
Q

Ceramides possess a sphingosine molecule attached to

A
  • A fatty acyl group

- They are precursors of sphingomyelin and cerebrosides

76
Q

Cerebrosides have a monosaccharide attached at

A
  • C1 or ceramide
77
Q

Gangliosides have

A
  • A polysaccharide attached
78
Q

Sphingomyelin

A
  • Produced upon addition of phosphotidylcholine at C1
79
Q

Sphingolipids are degraded to

A
  • Hydrolytic reactions of lysosomal enzymes
80
Q

Gangliosides are

A
  • Important cell surface markers

- Recognized by immune cells

81
Q

Gangliosides are made from

A
  • Ceramides
82
Q

Gangliosides contain sphingosine plus

A
  • Fatty acid

- Variable carbohydrate components

83
Q

Defective lysosomal enzymes lead to

A
  • Sphingolipid storage diseases

- Sphingolipids accumulate and these diseases can be fatal at an early age

84
Q

Sphingolipid accumulation damages

A
  • Neural function
85
Q

In Tay-Sachs Disease

A
  • Lysosomal hexosaminidase A is defective

- Gm2 accumulates

86
Q

Hexosaminidase A is defective in

A
  • Tay-Sachs Disease (lysosomal storage disease)
87
Q

In lysosomal storage diseases

A
  • Sphingolipids accumulate in the brain

- Lead to various neurological problems

88
Q

Prostaglandins are

A
  • FA derivatives of arachidonic acid

- Multiple roles

89
Q

Prostaglandin E2 is important in

A
  • Cytoprotection
  • Protects cells in the stomach from acid
  • Too much aspirin can cause GI bleeding
90
Q

Prostacyclin is important in

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Maintaining blood flow
  • Take a mini aspirin daily
91
Q

Fatty acid nomenclature

A
  • Numbers separated by colon (18;0)
92
Q

The number before the colon in naming FAs signifies

A
  • Number of carbon atoms
93
Q

The number after the colon in naming FAs indicates

A
  • The number of C = C double bonds
94
Q

If double bonds are present, they are indicated (naming FAs) by

A
  • c (cis)
  • t (trans)
  • Followed by a delta symbol
  • Additional numbers signify position of the double bonds
95
Q

Triacylglycerols that are liquid at 25 degrees C are

A
  • Oils

- Largely unsaturated fatty acids

96
Q

Two types of eicosanoids

A
  • Prostaglandins

- Lleukotrienes

97
Q

PGE2 function

A
  • Cytoprotection
98
Q

The remaining OH group of glycerol is linked to a

A
  • Phosphate group
99
Q

A polar group is attached to an amphipathic phospholipid’s

A
  • Phosphate group
100
Q

Fatty acid derivatives function as

A
  • Chemical mediators
101
Q

Eicosanoids are _____ formed from _____

A
  • Oxygenated derivatives

- Arachidonate (C20)

102
Q

Chemical messengers that act locally experience

A
  • Rapid degradation
103
Q

(Summary ) Fatty acids are

A
  • Monocarboxylic weak acids
  • Insoluble in water
  • Ionized at physiological pH
104
Q

(Summary ) Fatty acids are classified by

A
  • Number of carbon atoms

- Degree of unsaturation

105
Q

(Summary) Fatty acids are important components of

A
  • Monoacylglycerols
  • Diacylglycerols
  • Triacylglycerols
  • Membrane glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids

Biochemistry I (34 decks)

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