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Biochemistry I > Chapter 10: Carbohydrate Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Carbohydrate Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Classifications of carbohydrates

A
  • Simple molecules
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Oligosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
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2
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • May be attached to proteins

- Glycoproteins/proteoglycans

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3
Q

Oligosaccharides

A
  • 6-10 molecules
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4
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • Polymers with 100s to 1000s of residues

- Molecular weights > 1 million

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5
Q

Properties of monosaccharides

A
  • Simple structures (> 3 carbons)
  • At least 2 OH groups
  • Simplest monosaccharides
  • Water soluble and taste sweeter
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6
Q

Most familiar monosaccharides

A
  • Glucose and fructose (hexoses)
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7
Q

D-Glyceraldehyde (aldotriose)

A
  • Simple structure (monosaccharide) with single asymmetric carbon
  • Chiral molecule
  • Optically active
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8
Q

Dihydroxyacetone (ketotriose)

A
  • Achiral monosaccharide
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9
Q

Classification of monosaccharides depends on

A
  • Chemical nature of carbonyl group
  • Glycoconjugates
  • Number of carbons
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10
Q

Glycoconjugates include

A
  • Glycolipids

- Glycoproteins

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11
Q

3 carbons

A
  • Trioses
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12
Q

4 carbons

A
  • Tetroses
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13
Q

5 carbons

A
  • Pentoses
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14
Q

6 carbons

A
  • Hexoses
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15
Q

7 carbons

A
  • Heptoses
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16
Q

Numbering of aldoses

A
  • Proceeds from the carbonyl carbon for aldoses
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17
Q

Aldoses

A
  • Sugar with aldehyde functional group
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18
Q

Ketoses

A
  • Sugar with ketone functional group
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19
Q

D or L configuration

A
  • Based on the configuration of the bottom chiral C

- Relates the configuration to that of glyceraldehyde

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20
Q

D configuration

A
  • OH group on right hand side
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21
Q

L configuration

A
  • OH group on left hand side
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22
Q

Aqueous solutions cause

A
  • Monosaccharides to form rings
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23
Q

At 31 degrees celcius

A
  • Equilibrium is 36% alpha configuration
  • 64% beta configuration
  • Only small amounts of straight chain
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24
Q

3 isomeric forms of glucose

A
  • Interconvertible, haworth projections
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25
Properties of disaccharides
- Condensation products of two monosaccharide residues - Joined by glycosidic bond - Covalent
26
Physiologically important (most common) disaccharides
- Sucrose (table sugar) | - Lactose
27
Sucrose (table sugar)
- Composed of glucose and fructose - Linked through an alpha-1,2-glycosidic bond - Most abundant in nature
28
Sucrase function
- Catalyzes hydrolysis reaction | - Sucrose > glucose and fructose
29
Lactose structure
- Disaccharide found predominantly in the milk of mammals - Consists of galactose and glucose - Beta-1,4-glycosidic bond
30
Lactase
- Hydrolyzes lactose | - Enzyme is absent in lactose intolerant people
31
Lactose intolerant
- Flatulentce - Bloating - Abdominal pain
32
Polysaccharides (glycans)
- Most carbohydrate material in nature found in this form | - Homopolysaccharides or heteropolysaccharides
33
Storage glycans
- Glycogen | - Starch
34
Cellulose
- Provides support in plants
35
Glycogen
- Homopolysaccharide of glucose - Frequent branches (every 8-12 residues) - Up to 50,000 residues
36
Alpha 1,4 glycodisic bonds
- Link glucose monomers
37
Alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds
- Link branches | - Branching enzyme introduces these branches
38
Glycogen represents
- 10% liver mass | - 2% muscle mass
39
Starch in plant cells
- Mix of amylose and amylopectin | - Up to 6000 residues in total
40
Amylose
- A storage polysaccharide from plants - Predominantly alpha-1,4 bonds - Sit/stack on each other, make it difficult to digest
41
Amylopectin
- Branches every 25 residues - Highly branched, easier to digest - Degrade easier than amylose
42
Meal rich in amylopectin
- Causes higher blood sugar level > high glycemic index/glycemic load - Diabetics should look for food with lower glycemic index
43
Easily digestible
- High glycemic index
44
Cellulose properties
- Structural polysaccharide - Most abundant and natural polymer in the world - Stabilized by interchain H-bonds - 300-15,000 glucose residues
45
Glycosaminoglycans properties
- Heteropolysaccharides - Unbranched, linear anionic polysaccharides - High viscosity - Extracellular matrix - Low compressibility - Structural integrity to cells
46
Linear anionic polysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans)
- Repeated sulfated disaccharides
47
Low compressibility of glycosaminoglycans
- Ideal for lubricating fluid in joints | - Major component of synovial fluid
48
Hyaluronic acid properties
- Component of glycosaminoglycans - Unique because it is not sulfated - Not limited to animals (also found in bacteria)
49
Glycosaminoglyan structure
- Unbranched polysaccharide - Repeating disaccharide units (often sulfated) - Half of it has a uronic acid - Other half has modified amino sugar
50
Uronic acids
- Glucouronate | - Iduronate
51
Monified amino sugars
- N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) | - N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)
52
Chondroitin-4-sulfate
- Most abundant glycosaminoglycan | - Found in ECM of connective tissue, cartilage, tendon, and bone
53
Dermatan sulfate
- Abundant in extracellular matrix of skin and blood vessels | - Antithrombotic function
54
Heparin
- Variably sulfated - Not found in connective tissue - Natural anticoagulant
55
Hyaluronic acid
- Not sulfated - Not bound to protein - High molecular weight ( >10^7) - Found in umbilical cord, synovial fluid, and vitreous humor of the eye
56
Glycoproteins
- Covalently linked to oligosaccharide/polysaccharide chains - Proteins made on ribosome with CHO and often added in ER - Soluble/can be found in secretions too
57
Important functions of glycoproteins
- Communication between cells - Maintain cell structure - Self-recognition by immune system - Coagulation - Mucins
58
Proteoglycans (mucopolysaccharides)
- High molecular weight proteins, but properties resemble polysaccharides more than proteins - Found in ECM (connective tissues) or transmembrane proteins - Continually turned over by lysosomal enzymes
59
Hurler's Syndrome
- Accumulation of lysosomal enzymes/proteoglycans | - Mucopolysaccharides type I
60
Carbohydrates in nature
- Intercellular signaling and recognition processes - Structural elements - Energy stores
61
Blood group antigen on the surface of the red blood cells (and other cell types)
- Carbohydrate in nature
62
Numbering of ketoses
- Proceeds from the terminal carbon nearest the carbonyl

Biochemistry I (34 decks)

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