Chapter 25 Eukaryotic Diversity

Question 1

Are eukaryotes more closely related to bacteria or archaeans?

Answer 1

Eukaryotes are more closely related to Archaea

Question 2

What lineage did mitochondria and chloroplasts originate from?

Answer 2

Bacteria

Question 3

What was the key environmental change that caused a shift toward having energy producing organelles like mitochondria?

Answer 3

-eukaryotes split from archaea and did endosymbiosis with bacterial lineages. There was a fusion of lineages from 2 prokaryotic groups

Question 4

What are the 5 significant steps that led to the origin of the modern Eukaryotic cell?

Answer 4

• flexible cell surface
• cytoskeleton
• nuclear envelope
• genome into organized chromosomes
• digestive vacuoles that digest other cells
• oxygen revolution

Question 5

What is the difference between the 3 types of endosymbiosis events? Primary, secondary, tertiary

Answer 5

• primary is a protist with out a plastic ingest a Cyanobacteria and evolves to a primary plastid
• secondary is a protist without a plastic and ingests red or green Alga has a secondary plasmid that has more than 2 envelope membranes
• tertiary dinoflagellates ingests eukaryotic protist having a secondary plastic the plastic is retained by host and has multiple membranes

Question 6

Why was it an advantage for eukaryotic cells to gain traits/features of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 6

• it allows them to exploit different environments

- diversity they were photosynthetic, heterotrophic, unicellular/multicellular/colonial

Question 7

Can protista be single celled or colonial organisms?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

What are the various ways protist reproduce asexually?

Answer 8

• mitosis equal splitting of once cell into 2 cells
• splitting of 1 cell into multiple cells more than 2 cells are produced
• budding the outgrowth of a new cell from the surface of an old cell
• sporulation formation of specialized cells (spores) capable of developing into new individuals

Question 9

How does conjugation occur in protists? Is it a sexual method? Is it reproductive?

Answer 9

• the micronucleus transmits of genetic info( does meiosis)
• macro nucleus is the expression of genetic info
• it is a sexual process of genetic recombination
• it is not reproductive jut a new combo of genes

Question 10

Mode of transport of each of the diseases. Malaria, leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness, Chagas’ disease

Answer 10

• malaria spreads via mosquito
• transmitted by sand flies through skiing mucous membranes and organs
• sleeping sickened cause by tsetse fly goes to brain
• chagas is caused by assassins bugs bite your mouth and poop

Question 11

What is an endosymbiont? Is it beneficial? Know the examples given in class (coral and dinoflagellates)what is coral bleaching? Radiolarians and photosynthetic endosymbionts

Answer 11

• mutualistic relationship between radiolarians
• good thing radiolarians gain carbon produced by endosymbionts and endosymbiontsgain metabolites made by host and protection
• dinoflagellates photosynthetic contribute nutrients to coral cells
• coral bleaching occurs when dinoflagellates are gone from coral and they get new endosymbionts

Question 12

Alveolates

Answer 12

• have sacs alveoli beneath plasma membranes and supports cell surfac
• subgroups: dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates (paramecium)

Question 13

Stramenophiles

Answer 13

• 2 flagella of unequal length
• rows of tubular hairs on longer flagella
• subgroups: diatoms, brown algae, oomycetes

Question 14

Rhizaria

Answer 14

• long thin pseudopods and shell

- subgroups cercozoans, foraminiferans, radiolarians

Question 15

Excavates

Answer 15

-ancestors possessed mitochondria now lost

Question 16

Amoebozoans

Answer 16

• love shaped pseudopods for locomotion and differ from thin pseudopods of rhizaria
• subgroup loboseans slime molds