Chapter 24 prokaryotic Diversity

Question 1

What domains consist of prokaryotic organisms?

Answer 1

Bacteria and archaea

Question 2

Is prokarya really a domain?

Answer 2

No prokarya is not a domain. Prokaryotes belong to the domains bacteria and archaea

Question 3

What structures do ALL cells have?

Answer 3

-all cells have plasma membranes, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

Question 4

What structures are unique to prokaryotic cells?

Answer 4

• single celled
• binary fission
• nucleoid
• plasmids
• lack membrane bound organelles
• single stranded circular chromosomes
• haploid

Question 5

Why are microbes so much more successful than humans?

Answer 5

• more abundant and diverse
• genetically diverse
• can live almost anywhere/ harshest environments (intestines, skin, mouth, hot springs, deep ocean)
• can eat almost anything (organic and inorganic compounds)

Question 6

Know the basic structure a bacteria cell

Answer 6

• cell wall
• cell membrane
• cytoplasm
• ribosomes (little dots)
• plasmids (circular rings)
• DNA/ chromosome (long string inside)
• pili ( squiggles/ hair outside of cell)
• flagellum (long tail)

Question 7

How are bacteria classified-3 shapes and gram stain? Know gram negative and positive? How can you tell which strain is susceptible to penicillin? What does it do to bacteria

Answer 7

-3 shapes are cocci( spherical), bacilli (rod shaped) and spirilli (spiral shaped)
-gram stain positive it turns peptidoglycan on outside of wall purple (looks like purple lines) it means penicillin is effective against. The penicillin interferes with the formation of peptidoglycan cross links
-gram negative does not stain (looks like pink cocci)
This means penicillin does not pass through outer membrane

Question 8

What type of info do plasmids carry

Answer 8

-plasmids carry info on how to become resistant to antibiotics and passes it to other bacteria cells. Allows them to break down substances and toxic chemicals and can control how sickbay infectious bacteria makes its victim

Question 9

Know the various techniques bacteria use in replication and the difference between them (creating new generations and within generations)

Answer 9

• binary fission is used to transfer genetic info from one generation to the next
• conjugation transfers genetic info within generations by using a donor that transmits a plasmid to a receiver. It give second bacteria info it did not have before (antibiotic resistance). Uses cognitive pili one way transfer
• transduction: within generations and uses bacteriophage to infect a bacteria cell, virus reproduced inside bacteria and inserts into host chromosome
• transformation: within generation, bacterial cells savage dna from environment bacterial cells have burst inserts in its own DNA

Question 10

What is antibiotic resistance? How do bacteria compete against one another?

Answer 10

• genes in bacteria that enable bacteria to resist the effects of antibiotics. Bacteria pumps antibiotics out of cells as fast as it enters and it never reaches lethal part of cell
• microbes compete for competition for best resources because of rapid growth and crows out the bacteria. Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria and interfere with cell contents

Question 11

Why are archaea considered to be extremophiles

Answer 11

-they live in places where life seems impossible, such as soil, ocean depths, human intestines

Question 12

What environments can metanogens, halophiles, thermophiles, and acidophilic be found?

Answer 12

• inside mammalian digestive systems(cow)
• salty environments
• hot environments
• acidic environments

Question 13

Know the difference between obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 13

• obligate aerobes: require oxygen for cellular respiration are unable to survive with oxygen
• obligate anaerobes: live without oxygen, oxygen is toxic to them
• facultative anaerobes: alternate between being aerobic and anaerobic
• aerotolerant anaerobes: cannot conduct cellular respiration with oxygen but is not damaged by oxygen

Question 14

Chemoorganotrophs

Answer 14

• chemoautotroph: get energy by oxidizing inorganic substances use ammonia nitrates and sulfur. Example: sulfur bacteria found under sinks or drains
• chemoheterotroph: get carbon by breaking down organic compounds. Pink deposits in shower floor or curtain they live on you

Question 15

Photoautotrophs

Answer 15

• photoheterotroph: use light as energy source can’t use CO2 (carbohydrates, fatty acids, alcohols)
• photoautotrophs: contain chlorophyll and bacteria chlorophyll. (Cyanobacteria and purple sulfur bacteria)

Question 16

Are viruses alive? Why and why not?

Answer 16

Yes and no

• yes: not cellular, does not perform metabolism, does not control material moving in/out. Does not reproduce on their own
• no: derived from living organisms, use the same genetic info, they replicate mutate and evolve

Question 17

How do viruses reproduce more viruses?

Answer 17

-they bind to receptors on host surface (red) allows virus to enter and inserts DNA into hosts. Viral mRNA is transcribed and new viral proteins made using host resources and energy

Question 18

What is the difference between RNA and DNA viruses? Example of each type?

Answer 18

• RNA are single stranded and do not have error mechanisms, change quickly through mutation need a new shot every season Example: influenza, rabies, measles, mumps
• DNA double stranded checks for errors and does not change rapidly over time. Example: smallpox and herpes

Question 19

What is a retrovirus

Answer 19

-contains enzyme that does reverse transcriptase. Use strand of rna as template to make DNA. Extremely error prone
Example: HIV cause aids

Question 20

What is bacteriophage

Answer 20

-viruses that infect bacteria used to treat patients with bacterial infections because they acted like antibiotics