Chapter 24: Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System

Question 1

Streptococcus pharyngitis

Answer 1

• streptococcus pyogenes
• upper respiratory disease
• M-protein: resistant to phagocytosis
• produces: streptokinases hemolysins
  symptoms:
• redness
• swelling
• pain
• yellow discharge (absent in viruses)

Question 2

Scarlet Fever

Answer 2

• sequel to streptococcal pharyngitis
• upper respiratory disease
  symptoms:
• fever
• red skin, tongue, face/cheeks
• rash
• erythrogenic toxin produced by streptococcus pyogenes
• SPE: streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin

Question 3

Otitis media

Answer 3

• upper respiratory disease
• infection (nose/throat)
• cold like symptoms
• can get from the pool/ H2O
• pain from pus formation may lead to vomiting

Question 4

Diphtheria

Answer 4

• upper respiratory disease
• A-B toxin
• thick pseudomembrane forms
  1. mild fever
  2. swelling of the neck
  3. fatiuge
  4. sore throat
  5. oozing of fluid - starts to thicken - pseudomembrane starts to form. oozing is caused by the protein synthesis of the A-B toxin
  6. suffocation
  7. rare cases of death

Question 5

Pertussis / Whooping Cough

Answer 5

• lower respiratory disease
• DTaP - a cellular
• Bordetella pertussis
• capsule for attachment
• tracheal cytotoxin and endotoxin both release nitrous oxide, which results in death of the cells and mucus accumulation
• endotoxin

stages

1. catarrhal stage: common cold
2. paroxysmal stage: violent coughing sieges resulting in broken ribs, blood shot eyes and small hemorrhages in the brain
3. convalescence stage

Question 6

Tuberculosis

Answer 6

• lower respiratory disease
• mycobacterium tuberculosis
  1. healthy individuals: arrest, macrophages and immunity increase
  2. partial failure: forms on tubercle, becomes calcified, GHON complex (lesion on lung_
  3. total failure: coughing blood, weight loss, loss of vigor, liliary form of t.b.

treatment:

• antibiotics ~ 9 month treatment
  a. isoniazid - liver toxicity
  b. ethambutol (weak)
  c. ribampin
  d. pyruzinamide
  e. streptomycin

mantoux test

1. purified protein derivative (PPD)
2. inject
3. 48-72 hours
4. diameter measurements

Question 7

Bacterial Pneumonia

Answer 7

• lower respiratory disease
• 1/3 of all cases are nosocomial
  2 types
  1. typical: Streptococcus pneumoniae
• capsules, 82 strands
• symptoms: high fever, breathing difficulty, chest pain, rust coloured sputum
  2. atypical: any other cause
• bacterial virus, fungus, pathogen
• slower onset
• less fever
• less chest pain

Question 8

Haemophilus influenzae - Pneumonia

Answer 8

• grows

- gram negative stain

Question 9

M. pneumoniae

Answer 9

• grow
• 15% otitis media
• demographic is college students
• gram negative stain

S. pneumoniae
- gram negative stain

Question 10

L. pneumoniae

Answer 10

• contracted by water
  1. pontiac fever (mild)
  2. legionnaires (fatal)
• use gram negative stain
• affects: G.I. tract, kidneys, liver
  treatments:
• erythromycin
• rifampin
• Q/F quinones

Question 11

Coxiella burnetii

Answer 11

• gram negative stain

Question 12

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Answer 12

• viral disease
• demographic: 1-3 years old and the elderly
• houdini virus: hides from the immune system
• forms syncytium
• causes wheezing (bronchitis)

Question 13

Viral Influenza

Answer 13

• antigenic drift
• small changes in H and N spikes (H1N1)
• annual variations

Question 14

Antigenic Shift

Answer 14

• abrupt, major changes in H or N spikes
• epidemic - pandemic
  H9N1 is worse than H1N1, more variations.