Chapter 11: Bacterial Groups Flashcards
Gram Negative Bacteria
- Proteobacteria
- Alpha
- Beta
- Gamma
- Epsilon - Non-proteobacteria
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Bacteroides sp.
- Fusobacterium sp.
- Spirochetes
Gram Positive Bacteria
- Firmicutes (low C+G ratio)
- Clostridiales
- Bacillates
- Lactobacillales
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae - Actinobacteria (high C+G ratio)
- Mycobacterium sp.
- Corynebacterium diphtheria
- Propionibacterium sp.
Alphaproteobacteria
- Rickettsia rickettsii
- obligate, intracellular parasite
- coccobacilli or rods
- aerobic
- spread by insect/tick bites
- reproduces by binary fission
- damages and attack CV system by changing the permeability of our blood vessels - causes spotted fever.
- spotted fever: rash over the body, similar to measles
Bordetella pertussis
Betaproteobacteria
- aerobic
- rods
- capsules
- causes whooping cough
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Betaproteobacteria
- aerobic
- cocci and capsule
- fimbriae
- causes the STD
Neisseria meningitidis
Betaproteobacteria
- aerobic
- cocci and capsule
- causes meningitis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gammaproteobacteria Pseudomonadales - rod - flagella (lopho or monotrichous) - produces blue-green coloured pigments called pyocyanin (pus) - it occurs in burn patients or wounds - can form abscess - can cause UTI's - can cause pink eye - psychotrophs
Moraxella lacunata
Gammaproteobacteria
Pseudomonadales
- coccobacilli
- causes pink-eye
Coxiella burnetti
Gammaproteobacteria Legionellales - endospore - Q-fever, causes pneumonia - parasites - spread through animals, pasteurization milk and aerosoles
Legionelle pneumonphila
Gammaproteobacteria Legionellales - rods - spread by water, could be by AC units or water supply lines - causes pneumonia 1. Pontiac Fever (mild) 2. Legionnaires, 5-30% are fatal
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrionales
- rods
- flagella
- facultative anaerobic/aerobic
- A-B toxin: turns the intestinal cells into little pumps. cAMP system
- rice water stools, 12-20L lost per day, shock, kidney failure, collapse
- 50% of weight lost
Enterobacteriales
- they are enterics
- rods
- facultative anaerobes
- flagella (peritrichous)
- fimbriae
- pilus
- produces little bateria called bacteriocins (proteins). they are adaptive.
Escherichia coli
Gammaproteobacteria Enterobacteriales - also called coliforms - agencies: use it for purity assessments (water supplies) - "lab pet" - transmits in hospital by food-borne illnesses (ground beef). This causes traveler's diarrhea. - can also cause UTI's (~70-75%) - fimbriae
Salmonella
Gammaproteobacteria Enterobacteriales 1. Salmonella typhus - human carrier 2. Salmonella enterica - from food source: beef, poultry, raw eggs, spinach, cantaloupe - nausea and diarrhea
Shigella dysenteriae
Gammaproteobacteria Enterobacteriales - produces shiga exotoxin - this leaves a scar in the large intestine which can turn into an abscess. - infection lasts 12-36 hours - lots of growth in the small intestine - destroys cells in the large intestine - 20 bowel movements a day - severe dehydration (ORT + FQ) - slight fever
Haemophilus influenzae
Gammaproteobacteria Pasteurellaceae - loves blood because it's missing the v-factor ( coenzyme NAD-NADP) and x-factor ( cytochrome system - aerobic coccobacillus - capsule is pathogenic causes: - meningitis - pneumonia (COPD, ETOH abuse) - middle ear infection
Helicobacter pylori
Epsilonproteobacteria
- microaerophile
- vibros/curved rods
- peritrichous flagella
- causes ulcers
Campylobacter jejuni
Epsilonproteobacteria
- microaerophile
- vibrio/curved rods
- monotrichous
- causes gastroenteritis
Chlamydia trachomatis
Non-proteobacteria
- causes trachoma and blindness, non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) STD, and lymphogranuloma venereum STD
- coccobacillus
- aerobic
- life cycle
1. Elementary body - infectious
2. Reticulate body occurs by binary fission, this increases the amount of elementary bodies.
Bacteroides sp.
Non-proteobacteria
- rod (rounded edges)
- anaerobic
- causes gingivitis
- causes peritonitis
Fusobacterium sp.
Non-proteobacteria
- pointed ends
- rod
- anaerobic
- gingivitis
Treponema pallidum
Non-proteobacteria
- Spirochetes, long and wiggly
- cannot be grown in vitro, only in vivo (in body)
- genome has been mapped
- causes syphilis
Clostridales
Gram Positive Bacteria Firmicutes (low GC ratio) - Clostridium tetani (tetanus) - Clostridium difficile (colitis) - Clostridium botulinum (botulism) - Clostridium perfringens (gangrene) - anaerobic rods
Bacillus anthracis
Gram Positive Bacteria Firmicutes (low GC ratio) Bacillates - anthrax - rod - endospore - facultative anaerobe, aerobe - soil
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram Positive Bacteria Firmicutes (low GC ratio) Bacillates - golden clusters - facultative anaerobe - causes skin infections, TSS and food poisoning (chicken, ham, creamy items) - super antigen - 1-6 hours
Lactobacillus sp.
Gram Positive Bacteria
Firmicutes (low GC ratio)
Lactobacillales
- fermenters: aerotolerant anaerobes
- rods
- hospital: important in female health
- puberty: it increases dramatically in the vaginal area, keeps it sterile through increased acidity
- this is because they ferment glycogen (glycogen is deposited by estrogen)
- pregnancy: increased numbers, first contact with the newborn
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram Positive Bacteria
Firmicutes (low GC ratio)
Lactobacillales
1. Chain-cocci (beta-hemolysis)
- causes strep throat - blood agar - clear zone
- can cause scarlet fever, rheumatic fever (both fevers occur after strep throat), and skin infections.
- S. pneumoniae (alpha-hemolysis)
- diplococci - blood agar - green zone
- has a capsule - S. mutans
- has a capsule
- tooth decay - use a sucrose broth
- dental caries: symptoms
- roughness
- yellowish discoloration
- sensitive
- easily broken teeth
gamma-hemolysis has no effect on agar plates
Listeria monocytogenes
Gram Positive Bacteria Firmicutes (low GC ratio) Lactobacillales - Grows in monocytes - rods - facultative anaerobe - psychotrophs - outbreak (cold cuts, sausage, coleslaw, feta) - causes meningitis - very dangerous for pregnant women. it causes ill newborns, 60-65% of them die
Enterococcus
Gram Positive Bacteria Firmicutes (low GC ratio) Lactobacillales - E. faecalis - E. faecium - Facultative anaerobe - Hardy: on hands, bedding, in the air - caused by catheter, can cause U.T.I's and can infect wounds. - nosocomial, obtained while in the hospital
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Gram Positive Bacteria
Firmicutes (low GC ratio)
- lacks a cell wall
- pleomorphic (can change shape and size due to environmental conditions)
- plasma membrane has sterols, it gives a fried egg appearance
- treatments: tetracycline
- smallest genome
- pliable, which means there’s a chance for increased contamination
Mycobacterium sp.
Gram Positive Bacteria Actinobacteria (high GC ratio) - TB and leprosy - has a cell wall - has mycolic acid - use an acid-fast stain - mycolic acid = resistance against drying/desiccation, antiseptics and antibiotics - treatment ~9 months - nutrients enter slowly - colonies appear slowly, 4-6 weeks
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Gram Positive Bacteria Actinobacteria (high GC ratio) - causes diphtheria (upper respiratory tract disease) - rods, pleomorphic - picket fence arrangement, palisade - or chinese letter arrangement - facultative anaerobic - full of granules that emit light - metachromatic granules - DTP vaccine
Propionibacterium sp.
Gram Positive Bacteria
Actinobacteria (high GC ratio)
- Propionibacterium acnes
- anaerobic bacteria - lives in the deep pockets of skin
- rods
- fermenters, like swiss cheese it forms holes
- characteristic flavour - propionic acid
