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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 24 - Learnsmart > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Learnsmart Flashcards

1
Q

T or F

Most of the water (65%) is found in the extracellular compartment

A

False. In the Intracellular Compartment

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2
Q

Which ion is the most abundant cation of the intracellular fluid and has the greatest impact on intracellular osmolarity and cell volume?

A

Potassium

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3
Q

Calcium does what?

A

Acts as a factor for blood clotting, participates in bone and tooth development, acts as a second messenger and activates exocytosis during neurotransmission, and participates in muscle contraction

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4
Q

Sensible water loss

A

Water loss through urine and visible sweating

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5
Q

Insensible water loss

A

Water loss through the breath and cutaneous transpiration

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6
Q

Obligatory water loss

A

Water loss through minimal urine formation; expired air; cutaneous transpiration; fecal moisture

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7
Q

Routes of normal water loss from largest volume to smallest volume

A
  1. Urine
  2. Cutaneous Transpiration
  3. Expired Breath
  4. Feces
  5. Sweat
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8
Q

What inhibit ADH release?

A

Blood volume and pressure are too high and Blood osmolarity is too low

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9
Q

Metabolic water

A

Produced as a by-product of dehydration synthesis reactions and aerobic respiration?

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10
Q

2 main categories of acid-base imbalances are

A

Respiratory and Metabolic

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11
Q

What are the functions of potassium?

A
  1. It helps produce the resting membrane potentials and action potentials of nerve and muscle cells.
  2. It plays a role in cotransport and thermogenesis via the Na+ - K+ pump.
  3. It is an essential cofactor for protein synthesis and some other metabolic processes.
  4. It is the greatest determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cell volume
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12
Q

Increased osmolarity of the blood stimulates the hypothalamic osmoreceptors, which in turn trigger the posterior pituitary to release what?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

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13
Q

Preformed water

A

The combination of water from food and drink

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14
Q

The most important buffer system in the blood is the bicarbonate buffer, which is..?

A

A solution of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions

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15
Q

Order of the events during neutralization of hydrogen ions in the kidney from the moment H2CO3 forms until HCO4 returns to blood.

A
  1. H in blood reacts with HCO3 to from H2CO3
  2. H2CO3 decomposes into H2O and CO2 which enter the tubule cell
  3. Tubule cells obtain CO2 from blood, and tubular fluid
  4. CAH combines H2O and CO2 to re-form H2CO3
  5. H2CO3 ionizes to from HCO3 (which returns to the blood) and H.
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16
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Total water is reduced; osmolarity is isotonic

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17
Q

Dehydration

A

Total water is reduced; osmolarity is hypertonic

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18
Q

Volume excess

A

Total water is elevated; osmolarity is isotonic

19
Q

Hypotonic hydration

A

Total water is elevated; osmolarity is hypotonic

20
Q

What property of a solution is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions?

A

pH

21
Q

Which ions are major cation electrolytes?

A

Sodium and Calcium

22
Q

What happens when blood volume and pressure are too high?

A

Release of ADH is inhibited

23
Q

Fluid intake is governed by..

A

Thirst

24
Q

Fluid intake is regulated by

A

Osmoreceptors, a group of hypothalamic neurons

25
Q

Osmoreceptors responds to..?

A

Angiotensin II and to rising osmolarity of the ECF

26
Q

Hypokalemia

A

H diffuses from ICF to ECF. More K remains in the ICF to compensate for the H loss, causing a drop in ECF K concentration.

27
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

More Cl is reabsorbed from the renal tubules, so ingested Cl accumulates in the ECF rather than being excreted

28
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Alkalosis causes more Ca to dissociate from plasma protein and citrate ions, raising the concentration of free Ca

29
Q

What are functions of chloride ions?

A
  1. They play a major role in the regulation of body pH
  2. They are important in osmotic balance
  3. They contribute to formation of stomach acid.
  4. They participate in the chloride shift in that accompanies carbon dioxide loading and unloading
30
Q

Which ion is the principal cation of the ECF?

A

Sodium

31
Q

What are the primary effects of aldosterone?

A
  1. Urine contains more K
  2. Urine contains less NaCl
  3. Urine has a lower pH
32
Q

Why is it important to maintain pH within normal limits?

A
  1. Slight deviations from normal pH can shut down metabolic pathways.
  2. Slight deviations from normal pH can alter the structure and function of macromolecules
33
Q

Phosphate levels are regulated by

A

Parathyroid hormone

34
Q

Slow-onset hyperkalemia

A

Voltage-gated sodium channels inactivate. This prevents the firing of action potentials

35
Q

Hypokalemia

A

The concentration gradient for K across the membrane becomes steeper, resulting in hyperpolarization. This makes neurons and muscle cells less excitable.

36
Q

Rapid-onset hyperkalemia

A

Neurons and muscle cells depolarize suddenly and fire action potentials. Synchronous activation of cardiac muscle cells can lead to cardiac arrest.

37
Q

Sequences of events at the end of the process of neutralization of hydrogen ions in the kidney

A
  1. NaHCO3 decomposes into Na+ and HCO3-. Na+ is pumped into tubule cell.
  2. Na+ is removed by Na-K pump; HCO3- reacts with H+ to form H2CO3
  3. CAH on brush border decomposes H2CO3 to H2O and CO2 again
  4. CO2 enters the tubular cell and H2O passes in the urine.
38
Q

Estrogen

A

Mimics the effect of aldosterone and causes women to retain water during pregnancy and part of the menstrual cycle

39
Q

Progesterone

A

Reduces sodium reabsorption and has a diuretic effect

40
Q

Glucocorticoid

A

Promotes sodium reabsorption and edema

41
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

Excess production of organic acids

ex: Diabetes mellitus and starvation, Hyperkalemia, Chronic diarrhea, Excessive alcohol consumption, Aspirin, Laxatives

42
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

Rare but can result from chronic vomiting; overuse of antacids, aldosterone hypersecretion

43
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

Hypoventilation; apnea

44
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation due to pain or emotions such as anxiety

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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