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Anatomy and Physiology > ch 27 > Flashcards

ch 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Testes

A

Produce sex hormones and sperm

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2
Q

Scrotum and Testes

A

Spermatogenesis

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3
Q

Spermatic ducts and accessory glands

A

Transport

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4
Q

Penis

A

Emission

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5
Q

Scrotum contains

A

Spermatic Cord

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6
Q

Spermatic Cord

A
  • A bundle of fibrous connective tissue containing the vas deferens, blood & lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerves
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7
Q

The scrotum has 3 mechanisms for regulating the temperature of the testes:

A
  1. Cremaster Muscle - Contract & Relax
  2. Dartos Muscle - Contracts to wrinkle
  3. Pampiniform Plexus
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8
Q

Testis has…

A

Tunica Albuginea which is a white fibrous capsule

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9
Q

Interstitial (Leydig) Cells

A

The source of testosterone

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10
Q

Germinal Epithelium

A
  • Consists of layers of Germ cells and Sustentacular cells
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11
Q

Germ cells

A

Sperm Growth

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12
Q

Sustentacular Cells

A

Protect the germ cells and promote their development

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13
Q

The germ cells depends on sustentacular cells for…

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Waste Removal
  3. Growth Factors
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14
Q

2 proteins Sustentacular cells secrete

A
  1. Androgen-binding protein

2. Inhibin

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15
Q

Androgen-binding protein and Inhibin both

A

regulate sperm production

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16
Q

3 sets of Accessory Glands are:

A
  1. The Seminal Vesicles
  2. Prostate Gland
  3. Bulbourethral Glands
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17
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A
  • A pair of glands posterior to the urinary bladder

- The yellowish secretion constitutes about 60% of the semen

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18
Q

Prostate Gland

A
  • Serine protease

- Produces milky fluid with Calcium, citrate, phosphate

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19
Q

Bulbourethral Glands

A
  • Protects the sperm by neutralizing the acidity of residual urine in the urethra
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20
Q

Penis

A
  • Delivery of semen

- Root, Shaft, and Glans

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21
Q

Erectile Tissues

A
  1. Corpus Spongiosum

2. Corpus Cavernosum

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22
Q

As the hypothalamus matures, it begins producing…

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

23
Q

GnRH stimulates Gonadotropes to secrete…

A

FSH and LH

24
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

25
Q

What does testosterone need in order to be effective on the testes?

A

FSH and ABP

26
Q

Effects of Testosterone

A
  1. Spermatogenesis
  2. Inhibits GnRH, FSH, LH
  3. Secondary sex characteristics
  4. Enlargement of reproductive structures
  5. Growth
  6. Erythropoiesis
  7. Libido
27
Q

Hormonal relatioships b/w hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and testis

A
  1. GnRH from hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
  2. FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete ABP
  3. LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
  4. In the presence of ABP, testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis
  5. Testosterone also stimulates the libido and the development of secondary sex organs and characteristics
  6. Testosterone has negative feedback effects that reduce GnRH secretion and pituitary sensitivity to GnRH
  7. Sustentacular cells also secrete inhibin, which selectively inhibits FSH secretion and thus reduces sperm production without reducing testosterone secretion
28
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The process of sperm production in the seminiferous tubules

29
Q

3 Principal events of spermatogenesis.

A
  1. Division and remodeling of a relatively large germ cell into 4 small, mobile cells with flagella
  2. Reduction of the chromosome number by one-half
  3. A shuffling of the genes so that each chromosome of the sperm carries new gene combinations that did not exist in the chromosomes of the parents
30
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Produces 4 daughter cells that subsequently differentiate into sperm
  • Starts Diploid (2N)
  • Ends 2 haploid (n)
31
Q

Meiosis II

A
  • Similar to mitosis

- Ends with 4 haploid

32
Q

Primordial germ cells

A

The first stem cells specifically destined to become sperm

  • They crawl into the embryo itself and colonize the gonadal ridges - and become stem cells called spermatogonia
33
Q

At puberty, testosterone secretion…

A

Rises, reactivating the spermatogonia and brings on spermatogenesis

34
Q

Type A Spermatogonium

A
  • serve as a lifetime supply of stem cells

- remain outside

35
Q

Type B Spermatogonium

A
  • Migrates slightly away from the wall on its way to producing sperm
  • Enlarges and becomes a primary spermatoyte
36
Q

Primary Spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I which gives…

A

2 equal size, haploid and genetically unique secondary spermatocytes

37
Q

Each secondary spermatocytes undergoes meiosis II, dividing

A

into two spermatids (a total of 4 for each spermatogonium)

38
Q

Basic steps of spermiogenesis

A
  1. Appearnace of acrosomal vesicle and flagellum in spermatid
  2. Growth of acrosome and flagellum
  3. Shedding of excess cytoplasm
  4. Mature sperm
39
Q

Spermatozoon

A

An example of the unity of form and function.

40
Q

Head of the sperm

A
  • contains nucleus, acrosome, and flagellar basal body.

- the nucleus contains a haploid set of condensed, genetically inactive chromosomes.

41
Q

Acrosome

A
  • A lysosome in the form of a thin cap covering the apical half of the nucleus.
  • Contains enzymes that are later used to penetrate the egg is the sperm is successful
42
Q

Tail of the sperm

A
  • divided into midpiece, principal piece, and endpiece

- Midpiece contains numerous large mitochondria that coil tightly around the flagellum

43
Q

Semen

A
  • The fluid expelled during orgasm
44
Q

Ejaculation

A
  • 10% sperm
  • 30% prostate
  • 60% seminal vesicle
45
Q

Sperm count

A
  • 50-120 million
46
Q

Excitement Phase

A
  • Characterized by vasocongestion (swelling of the genitals with blood), Myotonia (muscle tension), increases in heart rate, BP, and pulmonary ventilation
47
Q

Excitement

A
  • Deep artery of penis dilates; erectile tissues engorge with blood; penis becomes erect
  • Trabecular muscle or erectile tissues relaxes; allows engorgement f erectile tissues; penis becomes erect
  • Bulbourethral gland secretes bulbourethral fluid
48
Q

Plateau Phase

A

Respiratory rate, heart rate, and BP are sustained at a high level for few secs to mins before orgasm

49
Q

Orgasm (Climax)

A
  • Short but intense reaction that lasts 3 to 15 seconds
  • Marked by the discharge of semen
  • Hear rate, BP, and respiratory rate rises
  • Most significant aspect of male orgasm is the ejaculation of semen into the vagina
50
Q

2 Stages of ejaculation:

A

Emission and Expulsion

51
Q

Emission Stage

A
  • Ductus deferens exhibits peristalsis; sperm are moved into ampulla; ampulla contracts; sperm are moved into urethra
  • Prostate secretes components of the seminal fluid
  • Seminal vesicles secrete components of the seminal fluid
52
Q

Expulsion Stage

A
  • Prostate release additional secretion
  • Seminal vesicles release additional secretion
  • Internal urethral sphincter contracts; urine is retained in bladder
  • Bulbocavernosus muscle contracts, and rhythmically compresses bulb and root of penis; semen is expelled
53
Q

Resolution

A
  • Internal pudendal artery constricts; reduces blood flow into penis
  • Trabecular muscles contract; squeeze blood from erectile tissues
  • Penis becomes flaccid (detumescent)

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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