Chapter 24: Biology Outlines Flashcards
__________ are the most diverse of all animals
Arthropods
________: Invertebrate animal with an exoskeleton made of _____; a series of paired, jointed _________; and _________ body parts
Arthropod; chitin; appendages; segmented
__________: External skeleton that supports an animal’s tissues against _____
Exoskeleton; gravity
_____: A long organic molecule made of _____ that are arranged in layers
Chitin; sugars
_________: Extension of an organism’s body (used for walking, swimming, manipulating food, or chewing)
Appendage
__________: Describes how an ________’s body parts are divided into similar sections that have evolved for a different function
Segmentation; arthropod’s
Arthropods are classified into five groups
- _______: Extinct; _____ ______
- __________: Live in oceans, streams, and land; crabs, lobsters, _______
- _________: Have specialized ________ ________; scorpions, _____
- ______: __% of all animals species; diverse; live on land; _ legs; ____
- __________: Long bodies; many legs; ________, millipedes
Trilobites; bottom feeders; Crustaceans; pillbugs; Chelicerates; daggerlike mouthparts; spiders; Insects; 80; 6; bees; Myriapods; centipedes
Joints are made of the stiff, flexible _____ and allow _______
cuticle; movement
The exoskeleton is made of many layers of _____; must ___ in order for _____ to occur
chitin; shed; growth
An exoskeleton makes important functions like _______, ______, and maintaining internal and external ________ difficult
movement; growth; equilibrium
The oldest fossils are of trilobites that date back to ___ million years
540
The ________ relationship between arthropods and other invertebrates remains under question
evolutionary
Based on similarities, scientists believe that arthropods are most closely related to the _____ ____; both groups have _______ bodies; _______ evidence suggests segmentation was evolved _________
annelid worms; segmented; molecular; independently
______ ____ & _____ ____ are considered the closest relatives of arthropods
Velvet worms; water bears
________: Group of arthropods that have _ distinct body sections, a hard _________, two pairs of ________, and one pair of ________ per segment
Crustaceans; 2; exoskeleton; antennae; appendages
__________: Region of an organism in which the head and trunk region are combined into one long section
Cephalothorax
______: Refers to the rear portion of the organism
Abdomen
The cephalothorax is covered by a shieldlike section of cuticle called the ______ (covers sides of the body and protects gills)
carapace
Crustacean _______ are used for a variety of functions
- Collecting and manipulating ____
- Attracting ____
- ________
appendages; food; mates; protection
All crustaceans have two pairs of _______, they are used to smell ____, locate _____, and avoid ________
antennae; food; mates; predators
Crustaceans have _______: highly adapted _________ that crush food
mandibles; appendages
Appendages like ______ ___ allow crustaceans to move
walking legs
Appendages called _______ are there to help the crustacean swim
swimmerets
Crustaceans vary in both ______ and ______
anatomy; structure
There are Many Different Types of Crustaceans
- _______: Live in saltwater; __ legs; lobsters, _____, shrimp
- ________: ______; filter feeders; wrapped in a hard calcium shell
- ______: Flattened bodies; _ pairs of legs; ________
- _____ _____: _______ found in a host’s _____ or nasal passages
Decapods; 10; crabs Barnacles; sessile Isopods; 7; pillbugs; Tongue Worms; parasites; lungs
Arachnids are the Largest Group of __________
Chelicerates
__________: Arthropods w/o _______; lack _______; _ pairs of appendages, including _ pairs of walking legs; _ pair of chelicera & pedipalps
Chelicerates; mandibles; antennae; 6; 4; 1
There are three major groups of chelicerates
- H_________ _____
- S__ ______
- _______: Terrestrial group of __________ characterized by _ legs, pinchers that inject _____, and the ability to produce ____ (glands)
Horseshoe crabs; sea spiders; arachnids; chelicerates; 8; venom; silk
Arachnids have four different adaptations that reduce _____ ____
- Waterproof _____
- Book ____
- Malpighian _____
- _______
water loss; cuticle; lungs; tubules; spiracles
_______ make up half of the more than 60,000 known arachnid species
Spiders
All spiders have the ability to make ____ and produce _____
silk; venom
Arachnids also include mites, ticks, chiggers, and _______
scorpions
Insects are in nearly every ______ niche
ecological
Insects have a body with three parts (____; _____; ______)
head; thorax; abdomen
Some insects live _______, others live in social colonies
independently
__________ ___________: Insects look like mini-_____ when they hatch
Incomplete Metamorphosis; adults
There are three life stages of incomplete metamorphosis: _____; _____; _____
Larva; Nymph; Adult
_________ ____________: The insect changes form entirely: ___; ____; ____; ____
Complete Metamorphosis; Egg; Larva; Pupa; Adult
The evolution of _____ has occurred in insects ___ million years ago
flight; 400
An insect’s mouthparts are adaptations related to its specialized diet:
________: sucking mouthparts; ________, moths
_______: chewing mouthparts; ___, beetles
___: sucking and chewing; ___, wasps
Proboscis; butterflies; Mandibles; ants; Both; bees
Many arthropods are _________ that eat plants that humans also depend on
herbivores
________- cause millions of dollars of ____ damage
Arthropods; crop
_________ have unwanted side effects
Insecticides
Scientists have developed safer ________ alternatives:
- Arthropod-specific __________
- ________ pest management (IPM)
- Genetically modified ____
insecticide; insecticides; Integrated; crops
____: Organism that carries a ______ from one host to another
Vectors; disease
Disease spread by _______ have serious effects on the human population:
Bubonic Plague: Caused by a _______ carried by ___
Yellow Fever: Caused by a ____ carried by _______
Malaria: Caused by a protozoan ______ carried by ________
West Nile Virus: Caused by a ____ carried by ________
arthropods; bacterium; fleas; virus; mosquitoes; parasite; mosquitoes; virus; mosquitoes
