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Biology > Chapter 23: Biology Outlines > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Biology Outlines Flashcards

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1
Q

Animal ____ ____ vary widely in _____ and ____ (whales - rotifers)

A

body plans; shape; size

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2
Q

Animals are found nearly _________ on Earth

A

everywhere

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3
Q

All animals share a set of _______ ______________ that set them apart

A

derived characteristics

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4
Q

All animals are ___________ __________ (they have ______ cells and eat _____ ________ to gain nutrients)

A

multicellular heterotrophs; multiple; other organisms

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5
Q

_______: A three-stranded _______ unique to animals; it is found in skin, bones, ligaments, fingernails, and hair

A

Collagen; protein

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6
Q

Individual collagen proteins combine with one another to form ____-____ ______ that are strong and flexible (wraps around an animal cell)

A

rope-like fibers

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7
Q

Animals do not alternate between ____-______ ______ and ______ stages

A

free-living diploid; haploid

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8
Q

Animal parents are ______ so they produce ______ offspring

A

diploid; diploid

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9
Q

Some kinds of animals can reproduce _______ and ________

A

sexually; asexually

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10
Q

______ ____: Have ___ copies of each chromosomes (___ from Mom and ___ from Dad)

A

Diploid cells; two; one; one

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11
Q

____ _____ are diploid (2n)

A

Body cells

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12
Q

_______ _____: Class of genes that control _____ __________

A

Homeotic genes; early development

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13
Q

_______ _____ (___ _____): Define the ____-____ pattern of development in animal ______; determine the position of ____ ____________

A

Homeobox genes; Hox genes; head-tail; embryos; cell differentiation

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14
Q

A _______ in a homeotic gene can lead to the development of a ____ ________ in the _____ position

A

mutation; body structure; wrong

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15
Q

Animals are ______ but share common characteristics

A

diverse

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16
Q

All animals share a set of ____________

A

characteristics

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17
Q

All animals are __________ _________

A

multicellular heterotrophs

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18
Q

Animal cells are supported by _______

A

collagen

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19
Q

Animals are ______ and usually reproduce ______

A

diploid; sexually

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20
Q

Most animals have ___ genes

A

hox

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21
Q

________: Animal with an internal segmented _______

A

Vertebrate; backbone

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22
Q

Vertebrates make up less than _% of all animal species

A

5

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23
Q

___________: Animals without a _______

A

Invertebrates; backbones

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24
Q

______: Groups of animals that are defined by _______ and _______ characteristics (differ from other animal groups)

A

Phylum; structural; functional

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25
Q

Each animal phylum has a unique ____ ____

A

body plan

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26
Q

Invertebrates encompass most animal groups (_________ 86%; ______ 6%; _____ 5%; ______, ________, __________ etc. 3%)

A

Arthropods; mollusks; worms; sponges, cnidarians, echinoderms

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27
Q

Differences in ___ ___ result from differences in expression of ___ _____

A

body plan; Hox genes

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28
Q

Hox genes tell ________ cells which ____ ____ to become (head etc.)

A

embryonic; body part

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29
Q

_________ in Hox genes can change an animal’s entire ____ ____

A

Mutations; body plan

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30
Q

Mutations led to a vast _______ of animal species

A

diversity

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31
Q

Three criteria are used to categorize animals:

  1. ____ ____ ________
  2. Number of ______ ______
  3. _________ ______
A

Body plan symmetry; tissue layers; developmental patterns

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32
Q

_______ Symmetry: Animals that can be ______ divided along only one ____, which splits it into mirror-image sides

A

Bilateral; equally; plane

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33
Q

______ Symmetry: Animals that have body parts arranged in a circle around a _____ ____

A

Radial; central axis

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34
Q

Bilateral animals are triploblastic, meaning they have _ distinct tissue layers

A

3

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35
Q

_______: Layer #_: Outer layer that develops into the skin, brain, and nervous system

A

Ectoderm; 1

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36
Q

_______: Layer #_: Inner layer that lines the animal’s gut

A

Endoderm; 2

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37
Q

_______: Layer #_: Middle layer that develops into tissues and organs

A

Mesoderm; 3

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38
Q

Radial animals have only _ distinct tissue layers (ectoderm & _______)

A

2; endoderm

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39
Q

Animals are separated into 2 major divisions: _________ and __________

A

protostomes; deuterostomes

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40
Q

__________: Mouth is formed first and the anus second

A

Protostomes

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41
Q

____________: Anus is formed first and the mouth second

A

Deuterostomes

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42
Q

The current organization of the animal kingdom shows some unexpected ________

A

relationships

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43
Q

Technological advancements help to clarify _________ relationship

A

evolutionary

44
Q

More than __% of all animal species are invertebrates

A

95

45
Q

______: Most primitive animals on Earth

A

Sponges

46
Q

Some sponge fossils are more than ___ million years old

A

570

47
Q

________ evidence says that sponges are related to groups of ______

A

Molecular; protists

48
Q

Sponges lack _____ and ____ cells, so they are _____ (unable to move from where they are attached)

A

muscle; nerve; sessile

49
Q

Sponges secrete _____ _________ to prevent other sponges from growing in their area and to protect themselves from predators and parasites

A

toxic substances

50
Q

Sponges reproduce sexually and asexually (______)

A

budding

51
Q

Sponges are _____ _______ (eat by straining particles out of the water)

A

filter feeders

52
Q

Sponges do not have _____, however, they have ___________ _____

A

tissues; specialized cells

53
Q

__________: Thin, leathery cells that form the sponge’s outer layer

A

Pinacocytes

54
Q

__________: Form the inner layer of the sponge (“_____ cells”)

A

Choanocytes; collar

55
Q

___________: Mobile cells found in between two cell layers

A

Amoebocytes

56
Q

Amoebocytes can transport __ to sponge, repair ______, and help _____

A

O2; injuries; growth

57
Q

Unlike sponges, ________ can move

A

cnidarians

58
Q

Cnidarians have two body forms: the _____ and the _____

A

polyp; medusa

59
Q

______: Cylindrical tubes w/____ & ______ facing ______(corals)

A

Polyps; mouth; tentacles; upward

60
Q

_______: Umbrella-shaped w/mouth & tentacles facing ____ (jellies)

A

Medusas; down

61
Q

Cnidarians can reproduce sexually or asexually

A

Just a note :)

62
Q

Polyps reproduce by _______ & medusas reproduce _______

A

budding; sexually

63
Q

Cnidarian bodies have _ _____ layers divided by the ________ (jelly material)

A

2 tissue; mesoglea

64
Q

The _____ layer of tissue is made up of _____ types of ____

A

outer; three; cells

65
Q

_________ Cells: Cover the surface of the cnidarian

A

Contracting

66
Q

_____ Cells: Interconnect to form a network to send ______ information

A

Nerve; sensory

67
Q

________: Specialized cells that contain stinging structures for ______ and _________ ____ (nematocyst)

A

Cnidocytes; defense; capturing

68
Q

Cnidarian classes:

  1. _______: sea anemonies & corals (dominant _____ form)
  2. ________: hydra (alternate between forms)
  3. _________: jellyfish (dominant _____ form)
  4. ________: sea wasps (dominant _____ form)
A

Anthozoa; polyps; Hydrozoa; Scyphozoa; medusa; Cubozoa; medusa

69
Q

________: Have a solid body and an incomplete or absent ___

A

Flatworms; gut

70
Q

Flatworms lack a ___________ _______

A

circulatory system

71
Q

Classes of flatworms

  1. __________: Free-living, nonparasitic flatworms
  2. ______: Parasites that feed on the body fluids of other animals
  3. __________: Parasites that live in vertebrate guts
A

Planarians; Flukes; Tapeworms

72
Q

Mollusks and all other bilateral animals have a complete _______ _____

A

digestive tract

73
Q

__________ ________ _____: Consists of two openings (_____ & ____) at opposite ends of a continuous tube (animals with this eat continuously)

A

Complete Digestive Tract; mouth; anus

74
Q

Flatworms are the only bilateral animal without a _______ _________ ______

A

complete digestive tract

75
Q

All mollusks share at least one of these three features

  1. ______: A file-like feeding organ
  2. _____: An area of tissue covering the internal organs
  3. _______: Flat gills found in the pocket of mantle tissue (mantle cavity)
A

Radula; Mantle; Ctenidia

76
Q

_________: Consists of spaces between cells within the animal’s tissues (blood is pumped through here)

A

Hemocoel

77
Q

Mollusks are classified into three (of seven) classes

  1. _________: Make up over half the species in a mollusk phylum (_____)
  2. _________ (_______): A soft body protected by 2 hard shells (_____)
  3. ___________: The nervous system & eye are highly developed (____)
A

Gastropoda; snails; Pelecypods (Bivalves); clams; Cephalopods; squid

78
Q

Mollusks use a variety of reproductive strategies (most involve ______)

A

sexual

79
Q

Some species are ___________ (male & female reproductive organs)

A

hermaphrodites

80
Q

________ share more similarities in their ____ ____ than mollusks do

A

Annelids; body plans

81
Q

There are three groups of annelids: _________, _____ ____, and _____

A

earthworms; marine worms; leeches

82
Q

Annelid groups are characterized by _________: the division of an organism’s body

A

segmentation

83
Q

________: A fluid-filled space completely surrounded by _____

A

Coelom; muscle

84
Q

Annelid reproduction may be sexual or asexual (____________)

A

fragmentation

85
Q

Earthworms are ____________

A

hermaphrodites

86
Q

__________: Also called _______ are the most numerous kinds of animal in terms of numbers and species diversity

A

Roundworms; nematodes

87
Q

Roundworms are _________ with ______ symmetry

A

protostomes; bilateral

88
Q

Roundworms have a tough exoskeleton called a ____

A

cuticle

89
Q

_______: Made of ____ & must be ___ when the animal grows larger

A

Cuticle; chitin; shed

90
Q

Muscle from the roundworm is separated from the central gut tube by a fluid-filled space (__________)

A

pseudocoelom

91
Q

Called a pseudocoelom because it is not completely lined by _____

A

muscle

92
Q

Roundworms do not have _______ or ______ systems, but they do have a _______ system

A

circulatory; respiratory; digestive

93
Q

Most roundworms reproduce _______

A

sexually

94
Q

Roundworms are ______ of nearly every plant and animal species; they can cause a lot of damage to ____, hurting the economy; others infect ______

A

parasites; crops; humans

95
Q

________: Found within the ________ tract of its host; feeds on the host’s blood; infects the host when they walk over contaminated ____

A

Hookworms; digestive; soil

96
Q

________: Found in the gut of its host; occur when host swallows ____ picked up from contaminated ______

A

Pinworms; eggs; surfaces

97
Q

______ _____: Found in the ____ and ________ tissue of hosts; occur when the host drinks contaminated _____

A

Guinea Worms; guts; connective; water

98
Q

Echinoderms are on the same __________ _____ as _________

A

evolutionary branch; vertebrates

99
Q

Echinoderms have _____ _______

A

radial symmetry

100
Q

Echinoderms have an ______ skeleton made up of tiny interlocking calcium-based plates called _______ (embedded within the ____)

A

internal; ossicles; skin

101
Q

Echinoderms have a _____ ______ _____: a series of water-filled radial canals that extend along each arm from the ring canal surrounding the central disk (_____ canals store water used for _______ and _______)

A

water vascular system; radial; circulation; movement

102
Q

Changes in water pressure _____ and _____ ___ ___

A

extend; retract; tube feet

103
Q

Echinoderms have a complete ________ system

A

digestive

104
Q

Echinoderms (___ _____) can ______ limbs and other body parts (a portion of the ______ ____ must remain)

A

sea stars; regenerate; central disk

105
Q

There are Five Classes of Echinoderms

  1. _______: Feather stars & sea lilies
  2. _______: Sea stars
  3. __________: Brittle stars & basket stars
  4. ________: Sea urchins, sea biscuits, and sand dollars
  5. ___________: Sea cucumbers
A

Crinoidea; Asteroidea; Ophiuroidea; Echinoidea; Holothuroidea

Biology (11 decks)

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