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Anatomy Ashley > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

Fluids in the 2% category

A

Trancellular cerebrospinal synovial

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2
Q

To ways fluid is continually exchange between compartments

A

Capillary walls

Plasma membrane

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3
Q

How does water moves from the digestive tract to the bloodstream

A

Osmosis

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4
Q

How does water move from the blood to the tissue fluid

A

Capillary filtration

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5
Q

What three things can happen to water from the interstitial fluid

A

Reabsorbed by capillaries

Osmotically absorbed into cells

Taken up by lymphatic organ

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6
Q

When a person is in a state of fluid balance

A

Daily gains and losses are equal

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7
Q

Give the two ways in which water is gained

A

Metabolic water

Performed water

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8
Q

Give the five ways in which water is lost

A

Urine feces expired breath sweat cutaneous transpiration

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9
Q

Fluid sequestration

A

Excess fluid accumulates in a particular location

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10
Q

Why is fluid sequestration dangerous

A

Volume of circulating blood may drop to the point of causing circulatory shock

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of fluid sequestration

A

Edema abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial fluid

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12
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Several liters of fluid accumulate in the pleural cavity

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13
Q

Three reasons why electrolytes are physiologically important

A

Chemically reactive participate in metabolism

Electrical potential across cell membranes

Osmolarity of body fluid body’s water content

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14
Q

Five major cations

A

Sodium potassium calcium magnesium hydrogen

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15
Q

Three major anions

A

Chloride bicarbonate phosphate

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16
Q

Dominant cation of the ICF

A

Potassium

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17
Q

Dominant cation of the blood plasma

A

Sodium

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18
Q

Electrolyte concentration in the interstitial fluid verse blood plasma

A

Great differences

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19
Q

What two things have their reabsorption inhibited by the natdiuretic peptides

A

Sodium and water

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20
Q

What 2 you things have their secretion inhibited by the natriuretic peptide

A

Renin and ADH

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21
Q

How does angiotensin II affect sodium reabsorption

A

Increases

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22
Q

How does angiotensin II affect urinary sodium output

A

Reduces

23
Q

What does estrogen mimic the effects of

A

Aldosterone

24
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Reduces sodium reabsorption diuretic effect

25
Q

What do high levels of glucocorticoids permit

A

Sodium reabsorption and edema

26
Q

Prefix hypo

A

Below normal

27
Q

Prefix hyper

A

Above normal

28
Q

Why are true sodium imbalances uncommon

A

Sodium excess or depletion is almost always accompanied by proportionate changes in water volume

29
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Causes administration of intravenous Saline

Consequences Water retention hypertension Edema

30
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Possible causes Excess body water

Hypotonic hydration

31
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Possible causes transfusion from outdated blood

Consequences cardiac arrest

32
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Possible causes depressed appetite

Consequences muscle weakness

33
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

causes alkalosis

Consequences muscle weakness cardiac arrhythmia

34
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Causes vitamin D deficiency diarrhea pregnancy

Consequences nervous and muscular system to be overly excited

35
Q

Buffer

A

Any mechanism that resist changes in pH by converting strong acid or base to a weak one

36
Q

The bodies 2 physiological buffering systems

A

Urinary stabilize pH by controlling output of acid bases

Respiratory exerts effect in a minute but can’t alter pH as much as urinary system

37
Q

The bodies three physiological buffering systems

A

Bicarbonate solution of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions

Phosphate solution of HPO and H2PO

Protein 3/4 of all chemical buffering amino acid residue

38
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the bicarbonate buffer reaction

A

Bicarbonate converting enzyme

39
Q

How does adding CO2 to body fluids affect H concentration and pH

A

Raises h concentration and lowers the pH

40
Q

How does removing CO2 from body fluids affect H concentration and pH

A

Lowers H concentration raises pH

41
Q

What do increasing CO2 concentration and decreasing pH stimulate

A

Pulmonary ventilation

42
Q

Acidosis

A

PH below 7.35

H diffuses down concentration gradient into the cell and K diffuses out

Net loss of cations from the cell

43
Q

Alkalosis

A

PH above 7.45

H diffuses out of the cell and K diffuses into the seller net gain of positive intracellular charges

44
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Occurs when rate of alveolar ventilation fails to keep pace with the bodies rate of CO2 production

CO2 accumulates in the ECF and lowers it’s pH

45
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation in which CO2 is eliminated faster than it is produced

46
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Increased production of organic acids ingestion of acidic drugs or loss of base

47
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

Result from overuse of bicarbonate or from loss of stomach acid due to chronic vomiting

48
Q

Causes of respiratory acidosis

A

Hypoventilation apnea respiratory arrest asthma cystic fibrosis

49
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation due to pain or emotions such as anxiety oxygen deficiency

50
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Production of organic acids chronic diarrhea excessive alcohol consumption

51
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

Chronic vomiting overuse of bicarbonates aldosterone hypersecretion

52
Q

Respiratory compensation

A

Changes in pulmonary ventilation correct the pH of body fluid by expelling or retaining CO2

53
Q

Renal compensation

A

Adjustment of pH by changing the rate of age secretion by the renal tubule’s

Anatomy Ashley (9 decks)

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