Chapter 24

Question 1

Fluids in the 2% category

Answer 1

Trancellular cerebrospinal synovial

Question 2

To ways fluid is continually exchange between compartments

Answer 2

Capillary walls

Plasma membrane

Question 3

How does water moves from the digestive tract to the bloodstream

Answer 3

Osmosis

Question 4

How does water move from the blood to the tissue fluid

Answer 4

Capillary filtration

Question 5

What three things can happen to water from the interstitial fluid

Answer 5

Reabsorbed by capillaries

Osmotically absorbed into cells

Taken up by lymphatic organ

Question 6

When a person is in a state of fluid balance

Answer 6

Daily gains and losses are equal

Question 7

Give the two ways in which water is gained

Answer 7

Metabolic water

Performed water

Question 8

Give the five ways in which water is lost

Answer 8

Urine feces expired breath sweat cutaneous transpiration

Question 9

Fluid sequestration

Answer 9

Excess fluid accumulates in a particular location

Question 10

Why is fluid sequestration dangerous

Answer 10

Volume of circulating blood may drop to the point of causing circulatory shock

Question 11

What is the most common cause of fluid sequestration

Answer 11

Edema abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial fluid

Question 12

Pleural effusion

Answer 12

Several liters of fluid accumulate in the pleural cavity

Question 13

Three reasons why electrolytes are physiologically important

Answer 13

Chemically reactive participate in metabolism

Electrical potential across cell membranes

Osmolarity of body fluid body’s water content

Question 14

Five major cations

Answer 14

Sodium potassium calcium magnesium hydrogen

Question 15

Three major anions

Answer 15

Chloride bicarbonate phosphate

Question 16

Dominant cation of the ICF

Answer 16

Potassium

Question 17

Dominant cation of the blood plasma

Answer 17

Sodium

Question 18

Electrolyte concentration in the interstitial fluid verse blood plasma

Answer 18

Great differences

Question 19

What two things have their reabsorption inhibited by the natdiuretic peptides

Answer 19

Sodium and water

Question 20

What 2 you things have their secretion inhibited by the natriuretic peptide

Answer 20

Renin and ADH

Question 21

How does angiotensin II affect sodium reabsorption

Answer 21

Increases

Question 22

How does angiotensin II affect urinary sodium output

Answer 22

Reduces

Question 23

What does estrogen mimic the effects of

Answer 23

Aldosterone

Question 24

What does progesterone do

Answer 24

Reduces sodium reabsorption diuretic effect

Question 25

What do high levels of glucocorticoids permit

Answer 25

Sodium reabsorption and edema

Question 26

Prefix hypo

Answer 26

Below normal

Question 27

Prefix hyper

Answer 27

Above normal

Question 28

Why are true sodium imbalances uncommon

Answer 28

Sodium excess or depletion is almost always accompanied by proportionate changes in water volume

Question 29

Hypernatremia

Answer 29

Causes administration of intravenous Saline Consequences Water retention hypertension Edema

Question 30

Hyponatremia

Answer 30

Possible causes Excess body water Hypotonic hydration

Question 31

Hyperkalemia

Answer 31

Possible causes transfusion from outdated blood Consequences cardiac arrest

Question 32

Hypokalemia

Answer 32

Possible causes depressed appetite Consequences muscle weakness

Question 33

Hypercalcemia

Answer 33

causes alkalosis Consequences muscle weakness cardiac arrhythmia

Question 34

Hypocalcemia

Answer 34

Causes vitamin D deficiency diarrhea pregnancy Consequences nervous and muscular system to be overly excited

Question 35

Buffer

Answer 35

Any mechanism that resist changes in pH by converting strong acid or base to a weak one

Question 36

The bodies 2 physiological buffering systems

Answer 36

Urinary stabilize pH by controlling output of acid bases Respiratory exerts effect in a minute but can't alter pH as much as urinary system

Question 37

The bodies three physiological buffering systems

Answer 37

Bicarbonate solution of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions Phosphate solution of HPO and H2PO Protein 3/4 of all chemical buffering amino acid residue

Question 38

What enzyme catalyzes the bicarbonate buffer reaction

Answer 38

Bicarbonate converting enzyme

Question 39

How does adding CO2 to body fluids affect H concentration and pH

Answer 39

Raises h concentration and lowers the pH

Question 40

How does removing CO2 from body fluids affect H concentration and pH

Answer 40

Lowers H concentration raises pH

Question 41

What do increasing CO2 concentration and decreasing pH stimulate

Answer 41

Pulmonary ventilation

Question 42

Acidosis

Answer 42

PH below 7.35 H diffuses down concentration gradient into the cell and K diffuses out Net loss of cations from the cell

Question 43

Alkalosis

Answer 43

PH above 7.45 H diffuses out of the cell and K diffuses into the seller net gain of positive intracellular charges

Question 44

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 44

Occurs when rate of alveolar ventilation fails to keep pace with the bodies rate of CO2 production CO2 accumulates in the ECF and lowers it's pH

Question 45

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 45

Hyperventilation in which CO2 is eliminated faster than it is produced

Question 46

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 46

Increased production of organic acids ingestion of acidic drugs or loss of base

Question 47

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 47

Result from overuse of bicarbonate or from loss of stomach acid due to chronic vomiting

Question 48

Causes of respiratory acidosis

Answer 48

Hypoventilation apnea respiratory arrest asthma cystic fibrosis

Question 49

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 49

Hyperventilation due to pain or emotions such as anxiety oxygen deficiency

Question 50

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 50

Production of organic acids chronic diarrhea excessive alcohol consumption

Question 51

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 51

Chronic vomiting overuse of bicarbonates aldosterone hypersecretion

Question 52

Respiratory compensation

Answer 52

Changes in pulmonary ventilation correct the pH of body fluid by expelling or retaining CO2

Question 53

Renal compensation

Answer 53

Adjustment of pH by changing the rate of age secretion by the renal tubule's