Chapter 24 Flashcards
Fluids in the 2% category
Trancellular cerebrospinal synovial
To ways fluid is continually exchange between compartments
Capillary walls
Plasma membrane
How does water moves from the digestive tract to the bloodstream
Osmosis
How does water move from the blood to the tissue fluid
Capillary filtration
What three things can happen to water from the interstitial fluid
Reabsorbed by capillaries
Osmotically absorbed into cells
Taken up by lymphatic organ
When a person is in a state of fluid balance
Daily gains and losses are equal
Give the two ways in which water is gained
Metabolic water
Performed water
Give the five ways in which water is lost
Urine feces expired breath sweat cutaneous transpiration
Fluid sequestration
Excess fluid accumulates in a particular location
Why is fluid sequestration dangerous
Volume of circulating blood may drop to the point of causing circulatory shock
What is the most common cause of fluid sequestration
Edema abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial fluid
Pleural effusion
Several liters of fluid accumulate in the pleural cavity
Three reasons why electrolytes are physiologically important
Chemically reactive participate in metabolism
Electrical potential across cell membranes
Osmolarity of body fluid body’s water content
Five major cations
Sodium potassium calcium magnesium hydrogen
Three major anions
Chloride bicarbonate phosphate
Dominant cation of the ICF
Potassium
Dominant cation of the blood plasma
Sodium
Electrolyte concentration in the interstitial fluid verse blood plasma
Great differences
What two things have their reabsorption inhibited by the natdiuretic peptides
Sodium and water
What 2 you things have their secretion inhibited by the natriuretic peptide
Renin and ADH
How does angiotensin II affect sodium reabsorption
Increases
How does angiotensin II affect urinary sodium output
Reduces
What does estrogen mimic the effects of
Aldosterone
What does progesterone do
Reduces sodium reabsorption diuretic effect
What do high levels of glucocorticoids permit
Sodium reabsorption and edema
Prefix hypo
Below normal
Prefix hyper
Above normal
Why are true sodium imbalances uncommon
Sodium excess or depletion is almost always accompanied by proportionate changes in water volume
Hypernatremia
Causes administration of intravenous Saline
Consequences Water retention hypertension Edema
Hyponatremia
Possible causes Excess body water
Hypotonic hydration
Hyperkalemia
Possible causes transfusion from outdated blood
Consequences cardiac arrest
Hypokalemia
Possible causes depressed appetite
Consequences muscle weakness
Hypercalcemia
causes alkalosis
Consequences muscle weakness cardiac arrhythmia
Hypocalcemia
Causes vitamin D deficiency diarrhea pregnancy
Consequences nervous and muscular system to be overly excited
Buffer
Any mechanism that resist changes in pH by converting strong acid or base to a weak one
The bodies 2 physiological buffering systems
Urinary stabilize pH by controlling output of acid bases
Respiratory exerts effect in a minute but can’t alter pH as much as urinary system
The bodies three physiological buffering systems
Bicarbonate solution of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions
Phosphate solution of HPO and H2PO
Protein 3/4 of all chemical buffering amino acid residue
What enzyme catalyzes the bicarbonate buffer reaction
Bicarbonate converting enzyme
How does adding CO2 to body fluids affect H concentration and pH
Raises h concentration and lowers the pH
How does removing CO2 from body fluids affect H concentration and pH
Lowers H concentration raises pH
What do increasing CO2 concentration and decreasing pH stimulate
Pulmonary ventilation
Acidosis
PH below 7.35
H diffuses down concentration gradient into the cell and K diffuses out
Net loss of cations from the cell
Alkalosis
PH above 7.45
H diffuses out of the cell and K diffuses into the seller net gain of positive intracellular charges
Respiratory acidosis
Occurs when rate of alveolar ventilation fails to keep pace with the bodies rate of CO2 production
CO2 accumulates in the ECF and lowers it’s pH
Respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation in which CO2 is eliminated faster than it is produced
Metabolic acidosis
Increased production of organic acids ingestion of acidic drugs or loss of base
Metabolic alkalosis
Result from overuse of bicarbonate or from loss of stomach acid due to chronic vomiting
Causes of respiratory acidosis
Hypoventilation apnea respiratory arrest asthma cystic fibrosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation due to pain or emotions such as anxiety oxygen deficiency
Metabolic acidosis
Production of organic acids chronic diarrhea excessive alcohol consumption
Metabolic alkalosis
Chronic vomiting overuse of bicarbonates aldosterone hypersecretion
Respiratory compensation
Changes in pulmonary ventilation correct the pH of body fluid by expelling or retaining CO2
Renal compensation
Adjustment of pH by changing the rate of age secretion by the renal tubule’s
