Chapter 22 Flashcards
What is a conducting division
Passages for airflow from nostrils through bronchioles
What is a respiratory division
Alveoli and other gas exchange regions of distal airway
Upper respiratory tract
Nose through larynx organs in the head and neck
Lower respiratory tract
Trachea through the lungs
What is the function of the nose
Warms cleanses humidifies inhaled air
Detects odors
Resonating chamber that amplifies the voice
Nasopharynx
Passes only air
Oropharynx and Laryngopharyx
Passes air food and drink swallowing and speech
Function of Larynx
Keep food and drink out of the airway and sound production
Function of the trachea
Wind pipe contract or relax to adjust airflow
Function of the bronchioles
Continuation of the airways black supportive cartilage ciliated cuboidal epithelium
What is terminal bronchioles
Final branches of the conducting division cilia to control mucus
What is respiratory bronchioles
Beginning of respiratory because alveoli participate in gas exchange
Conducting division pathway of air into the lungs
Pharynx trachea main bronchus lobar bronchus segmental bronchus bronchial terminal bronchioles
Respiratory division pathway of air into the lungs
Respiratory bronchial Alveolar duct atrium
Function of the respiratory membrane
Air blood barriers composed of alveolar our and capillary walls
Alveolar walls
Type one: permits gas exchange by simple diffusion and secrete angiotensin converting enzyme
Type two: alveolar cells secrete sulfactant which prevents alveoli from sticking
Alveoli
Elastic fibers
Allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized
House macrophages that keep Alveolar surfaces sterile
Reduction of friction
Plural fluid act as a lubricant that enables the lungs to expand and contract with minimal friction
Creation of pressure gradient
Expands lungs when one inhales
Compartmentalization
Prevents infections of one organ spreading to other organs in the thoracic cavity
Pleurae
Serous membrane on surface of lungs
Pleural fluid
Potential space
Boyles law
Pressure of Gas is proportional to volume at constant temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Exerted by the air surrounding the body
Intrapleural pressure
Pressure with in the plural cavity
Intrapulmonary pressure
Pressure within the alveoli
Inspiration
Diaphragm contracts lung volume increases intrapulmonary pressure decreases atmospheric pressure greater than intrapulmonary pressure air flows into the lungs
Quiet expiration
Diaphragm contracts lung volume decreases intrapulmonary pressure increases atmospheric pressure lower than intrapulmonary pressure air flows out of the lungs
Valsalva maneuver
Aids in childbirth urination defecation and vomiting
Contracting abdomen muscles to raise pressure and push contents out
Bronchodilation
Increase in diameter bronchus or bronchial
Broncoconstriction
Reduction in diameter
Compliance
The ease in which the lungs expand change and lung volume due to pressure change
Surface tension
The attraction of liquid molecules
Henry’s law
The amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by solubility in water and partial pressure in air
Composition of atmospheric and alveolar gases
Alveolar air is humidified by contact with mucous membranes higher than inhaled air
Alveolar air exchanges O2 and CO2 with blood
Thickness of pulmonary membrane
Little obstacle to diffusion blood buildup capillary diffusion
Pressure gradient
Oxygen diffuses from air into blood and oxygen dilution occurs mixing up oxygen rich pulmonary blood with oxygen poor systemic blood
Solubility of gas
Carbon dioxide is about 20 times as soluable as oxygen oxygen twice as soluable as nitrogen
Ventilation perfusion coupling
Adjusting ventilation so that air is directed to the best perfused part of the lungs
Two Ways 02 is carried in the blood
Bound to hemoglobin in the RBCs
Dissolved in the blood plasma
Ambient PO2 with loading and unloading
Active tissue consumes oxygen rapidly PO2 remains low HBO2 releases more oxygen
Temperature with loading and unloading
Elevated temperature promotes oxygen unloading active tissue extracts more oxygen from blood flowing through
Bohr effect on loading and unloading
Hydrogen ions weaken the bond between hemoglobin and oxygen promoting oxygen unloading
BPG on loading and unloading
Binds to hemoglobin and promotes oxygen unloading elevated temp stimulates BPG synthesis hormones promote oxygen unloading
Three ways CO2 is transported in the blood
Carbonic acid carb amino compounds and dissolved gas
Carbonic anhydrase with co2 transport
Enzyme that speeds up reaction in the RBCs
VRG ventral respiratory group
Primary generator of the respiratory rhythm
PRG pontine respiratory group
Modifies the rhythm of the VR G
Apnea
Temporary cessation of breathing one or more skipped breath
Dyspnea
Labored gasping breathing shortness of breath
Hyperpnea
Increase rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise pain
Hyperventilation
Increased pulmonary ventilation anxiety lowering blood CO2 concentration and raising blood pH
Hypo ventilation
Reduce her pulmonary ventilation increase in CO2 concentration
Alkalosis
PH greater than 7.45
Acidosis
Blood pH lower than 7.35
Hypocapnia
PCO2 less than 37 mmhg most common cause of alkalosis
Hypercapnia
Most common cause of acidosis PCO2 greater than 43 mmhg
4 receptors that provide information to respiratory centers
Hydrogen ions
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Respiration and exercise
