Chapter 21 Flashcards
Three functions of the lymphatic system
Fluid recovery immunity lipid absorption
Length
The recovered fluid
Lymphatic vessels
Transport the lymph
Lymphatic tissue
Composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs of the body
Lymphatic organ
Cells are especially concentrated set off from surrounding organs by connective tissue capsules
What percentage of fluid filtered in the capillary bed gets reabsorbed
85%
What happens to the fluid that is not reabsorbed at the venule end of the capillary bed
Reabsorb excess and return it to the blood fluid continually filters from blood capillaries into the tissue spaces
Where will this fluid be returned
Blood
Which vessels are primarily endothelium
Lymphatic capillaries
What is the function of the valves
Bacteria are phagocytized and immune cells monitor the fluid for foreign antigens
What part of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain what does the right lymphatic duct empty into?
Receives from The right arm and right side of the thorax and head
Empties into right subclavian vein
What part of the body do the cisterna Chyli and thoracic duct drain what does the thoracic duct empty into
Drains all of the body below the diaphragm
the left upper limb and the left side of the head neck and thorax empties into the subclavian vein
How does lymphatic flow differ from venous return
Lymphatic system has no pump like the heart and lymph Lowe’s at even lower pressure and speed then venous blood
Six processes that aid the flow of lymph
Rhythmic contractions valves of lymphatic vessels skeletal muscle arterial Pulsation thoracic pump collecting ducts
Natural killer cells
Large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria transplanted tissues and cells that have become infected
T lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus
B lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that turn into plasma cells that secrete antibodies mature in bone marrow
Macrophages
Very large phagocytotic cells of the connective tissue’s develop from monocytes
Dendritic cells
Branched mobile APCs found in the epidermis mucous membranes am in lymphatic organs
Lymphatic tissue
Lymphocytes in the connective tissue of mucous membranes and organs
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
The lymphocytes are scattered rather than densely clustered
Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
Body passages open to the exterior
Lymphatic nodules follicles
Lymphocytes and macrophages congregate in dense masses which come and go as pathogen’s invade the tissues
Peyers patches
Lymphatic nodules abundant clusters are formed
Difference between primary lymphatic organs and secondary lymphatic organs
Red bone marrow and thymus where BNT lymphatic organs primary become immunocompetent recognize and respond to antigens secondary lymphocytes migrate to these organs only after they mature in the primary
Primary lymphatic organs
Red bone marrow and thymus
Secondary lymphatic organs
Lymph nodes tonsil spleen
Two functions of lymph nodes
To cleanse the lymph
Act as a site of T and b cell activation
How does lymph filter through the node
Flows from different lymphatic vessels into the subcapsular sinus percolates slowly through the sinuses of the cortex and medulla and leaves node through lymphatic vessels that emerge from the helium
Areas of the body where lymph nodes are concentrated
Cervical axillary thoracic abdominal intestinal mesenteric inguinal popliteal
Red bone marrow
Important supplier of lymphocytes to the Immune system
Thymus
Houses developing lymphocytes and secretes hormones that regulate their later activity
Spleen
Largest lymphatic organ allows red blood cells to leave the bloodstream erythrocyte graveyard
Pharyngeal
Tonsil found in the wall of the pharynx behind nasal cavity
Palatine
Tonsil found on Posterior margin of the oral cavity
Lingual
Tonsil found on patches on each side of the root of the tongue
Pathogens
Viruses bacteria fungi another microbes that cause diseases
First line of defense
External barriers skin and mucous membranes
Second line of defense
Leukocytes macrophages natural killer cells inflammation fever
Third line of defense
Immune system defeats pathogens but leaves with memory enabling one to defeat so quickly
Nonspecific defenses
Defend equally against a broad range
Specific immunity
Body must develop a separate immunity to each pathogen
Nonspecific defenses
Protective proteins Keratin
Protective sells neutrophils and macrophages
Protective processes fever and inflammation
Mast cells
Type of connective tissue cell similar to basophils
Interferons
Proteins secreted when certain cells are infected with viruses
Complement system
Globulins that contribute to resistance and adaptive immunity
Hyperemia
Increasing blood flow beyond normal
Bradykinin
Pain from
Nerves
Platelet derived growth factor
Agent that stimulates fibroblast to multiply and synthesize collagen
Cellular immunity
Employs lymphocytes that directly attack and destroy foreign cells
Humoral immunity
Employs antibodies do not directly destroy a pathogen
Natural active immunity
Production of an antibody as a result of natural exposure to an antigen
Artificial active immunity
Vaccination against disease
Natural passive immunity
Temporary that results from acquiring antibodies produced by another person
Artificial passive immunity
Injection of an immune serum obtained from another person
Antigens
Molecule that trigger an immune response some are venoms toxins
Where are both T cells and B cells produced
Lymph nodes spleen bone marrow mucous membranes
Where do T cells develop
Thymus
Where do T and B cells go once their immunocompetent
Lymphatic tissues and organs bone marrow lymph nodes tonsils
Cytotoxic T cell
Carry out the attack on foreign cells
Helper T cells
Hugh moral immunity and nonspecific resistance
Regulatory T cells
Inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells prevents auto immune disease
Memory T cells
Memory in cellular immunity
Twocells involved in the attack phase
Helper cell
attract neutrophils and it natural killer cells attractive macrophages stimulate T and B mitosis
Cytotoxic cell
Delivers lethal hit of chemicals to destroy disease to sell and go searching for enemy
Main function of plasma cells
Secrete antibodies that travel throughout the body in the blood and other body fluids
Neutralization
Antibody’s mask active regions
Complement fixation
Inflammation immune clearance
Agglutination
Immobilizes microbes and antigen molecules
Precipitation
Complexes removed by immune clearance or phagocytized by Eosinophils
Primary response
Exposed to antigen for the first time
Secondary response
Response is rapid no illness results
Autoimmune disease
Fails to distinguish self antigens from foreign ones attack bodies own tissues
Immunodeficiency disease
Group of disorders scarcity or absence of both T and B cells
